Philosophy Midterm

Front 1

What is an Argument?

Back 1

A set of sentences of propositions one of which is supposed to be supported by the others... supported in the sense that the other sentences are supposed to give you reasons to believe it.

Hint 1

Reasons

Front 2

What is an Inductive Argument?

Back 2

The reasons or premises, if true, make the conclusion more likely.

Hint 2

Reasons validate argument

Front 3

What is a Valid Argument?

Back 3

It provides clarity or reasons, it requires that we state or reasons and link then to the conclusion. The truth of the reasons guarantees the truth of the conclusions.

Hint 3

Truth

Front 4

Why do philosophers prefer deductive arguments?

Back 4

Philosophers like explicit and clear reasoning.

Hint 4

Simplicity

Front 5

What is a Deductive Argument?

Back 5

Know premises and how they connect to conclusions validity.

Hint 5

Deduction

Front 6

What is the relation between logic and validity?

Back 6

An argument can be valid while also being illogical validity is the truth within the argument while logic is what we dictate it practical.

Hint 6

Valid proven within logic is what we perceive is practical.

Front 7

What are the ways to tell if an argument is valid?

Back 7

1) If you prove your premises are true you must accept the conclusion and your argument is valid.

2) If you reject your conclusion you must reject one of the premises.

Hint 7

P1 and P2 are true C is true.

Front 8

What is logic?

Back 8

Reasoning according to rules which make it the case that an argument is valid or guarantee that a conclusion follows from a given set of premises.

Hint 8

Makes sense

Front 9

Logic rules

Back 9

1) And

2) Or

3) If... then

4) Contradiction/ Reduction

5) All, Some, None

Hint 9

Graph of rules

Front 10

Soundness

Back 10

Is when an argument is:

1) Valid

2) Premises are true

Hint 10

Argument holds up

Front 11

What is involved in intellectual humility?

Back 11

1) Recognizing our perspective may be incomplete or biased.

2) Being sensitive to and knowledgeable about the impact our words and behaviors.

3) Making sure that our participation is equitable.

Front 12

Intellectual Humility is not?

Back 12

1) It does not mean prioritizing sensitivity over all else: say things with as much knowledge and sensitivity as possible can.

2) It does not mean prioritizing other people’s contributions over your own. Fair and equal contributions.

Hint 12

Sensitivity and balance

Front 13

Intellectual Humility is good for?

Back 13

1) Intellectual humility helps you to make sure that your own beliefs will be true.

2) It makes it the case that others are justified in trusting us, since they know we will accurately assess our own convictions, how much we know and don’t know, as well as mind our impacts upon them.

Hint 13

Validity and trust

Front 14

How do I develop intellectual humility?

Back 14

1) Intellectual humility requires a through understanding of the debate you’re engaged in.

2) Intellectual humility requires an understanding of positionally, that people have vastly different experiences and vulnerabilities in virtue of their social position.

3) Intellectual humility also requires acknowledgement that small contributions to a debate, though less sexy than large contributions, are less valuable. You should not be ashamed to admit that your contributions to a debate isn’t as significant as someone else’s.

4) Intellectual humility requires understanding what will convince you’re opponents, so talk to your opponents about your thesis. See if they are willing to accept it and if it’s possible to weaken it a bit and still make a significant contribution to the debate in question.

Hint 14

4 methods of development

Front 15

How to prepare to read philosophy?

Back 15

1) Read

2) Print the text

3) Look up words you don’t know and reflect on what you don’t understand.

4) Summarize the article state authors conclusion.

5) Decide if the authors argument is good and decide if you believe in it.

Front 16

How to read philosophy?

Back 16

1) Pre-read identify titles, chapters, thesis, and sections.

2) Fast-read read it all in a single sitting identify main points.

3) Read for understanding, slowly read through state major arguments and objections.

4) Read for evaluation, asses thesis, arguments, and objections.

Front 17

Definition of race?

Back 17

1) Biologically based or essentialist.

2) Is heritable

3) Manifests in observable characteristics (phenotype)

4) Manifest in discrete racial groupings

5) Members of a race share a common geographic ancestry

Hint 17

5 points

Front 18

What is Ethnicity?

Back 18

Is defined as a sense of common ancestry based on cultural attachments, past linguistic heritage, religious affiliations, claimed kinship, or some physical traits.

Hint 18

Cultural

Front 19

Why is race essentialist?

Back 19

Race is unchanging an essential to ones being.

Hint 19

Necessary

Front 20

Why is race heritable?

Back 20

Race is established by heritability or ancestry. Ones parents.

Hint 20

Family tree

Front 21

Truth

Back 21

A sentence or assertion is true when the world is the way the sentence or assertion says it is.

Hint 21

Reality

Front 22

Why does race manifest in phenotype?

Back 22

People wouldn’t be able to identify race as physical traits if they were observable on a larger scale.

Hint 22

Skin color

Front 23

Why are racial group discrete?

Back 23

If you couldn’t separate groups there would be no justification for discrimination against al and only members of a group.

Hint 23

Slavery

Front 24

What is the traditional account of race?

Back 24

1) Bear sting phenotypic resemblances to one another.

2) These resemblances serve to clearly differentiate them.

3)These resemblances are past down from parent to children.

Hint 24

1, 2, 3 General accepted theory.

Front 25

Why is the TAR right?

Back 25

Arguments of observable differences, if you can view difference they must desist.

Argument from Analogy, the phenotypic differences we observe between human beings are analogous to the phenotypic differences we observe between non- human animals.

Front 26

What is the sorting argument?

Back 26

PBS diagram example, you can’t clearly see physical differences so how are there races.

Front 27

Why is the sorting argument bad?

Back 27

This argument is to generalized to phenotypic differences and doesn’t attack the other aspects of a racial definition.

Hint 27

Generalization

Front 28

What is the disagreement argument?

Back 28

People often disagree about how to racially classify other people, and how bias impacts the classification.

Hint 28

Classification

Front 29

Why is the disagreement argument bad?

Back 29

Just cause we can’t agree doesn’t mean it doesn’t exhaust.

Front 30

What is the no race argument?

Back 30

There must be clear demarcations of race or there is no race.

Front 31

Zach’s arguments against TAR?

Back 31

1) No gene

2) Racial essence can’t be inherited

3) Phenotypic adaption is continuous, other phenotypes don’t address race.

4) You can’t clearly distinguish race.

5) No genetic isolation means no distinct differences.

Front 32

Counterexample

Back 32

A situation that opposes an argument.

Hint 32

Alternative example

Front 33

Elminitivist or Revised TAR

Back 33

1) Incorrect

2) Is weakly heritable

3) Weakly manifests in observable characteristics

4) Incorrect

5) Many members tend to share a common ancestry

Front 34

The Nihilist account

Back 34

There is no such thing as race

Front 35

What is the constructivist account of race?

Back 35

Race is a social construct

Front 36

What is the revisionist account?

Back 36

Race exists in a limited sense the concept is useful as long as it can be revised.

Front 37

How does Poseidon’s account affect your decision about TAR?

Back 37

People thought water was God’s gift they realize its actually H2O what is water now.

Front 38

What is reparation?

Back 38

Money owed to discriminated classes to correct for wrongdoings of the past

Front 39

What is the bloodlines argument?

Back 39

There is no one group responsible for slavery, most whites didn’t own slaves or gave there lives to end slavery, most Americans living done have connections to slavery.

Front 40

What is the unjust enrichment argument?

Back 40

That one group was unjustly enriched by the discrimination of another.

Front 41

What is the historical precedent repetitions?

Back 41

All people who were involved in discrimination are dead.

Front 42

What is the art gallery analogy?

Back 42

A art owner shows a stole work of art, who is owed reparations for this wrong?

Front 43

What is a definition?

Back 43

An explanation that is not to broad or to narrow.

Hint 43

Enough detail

Front 44

Boonins problems with the UEA?

Back 44

1) It is not clear white people benefited from slavery.

2) what black Americans deserve reparations

3) Application on UEA is invalid

Front 45

5 steps of compensation

Back 45

1) Compensation principle

2) Slavery demanded compensation

3) Current day black people are owed that compensation

4) Present day government owes the compensation

5) Compensation has not been paid

Front 46

Arguments for compensation?

Back 46

1) Either the government owes reparations to blacks or has repaid the debt already

2) Slavery was wrong

3) Government is responsible

4) Harmful effects continue to today

Front 47

Objections to compensation argument

Back 47

1) People per compensations a government can not.

2) The Government was ignorant.

3)There would have been Constitution without slavery

4) Genes account for different outcomes

5) We all owe our existence to slavery

6) lacking confidence

7) Fallacy of equivocation

8) Who will pay

9) Who will receive money

Front 48

What does Bisho think is wrong with compensation argument?

Back 48

Fire analogy, of parents.

Front 49

What is affirmative action?

Back 49

A policy that advantages members of disadvantage or oppressed groups because they are members of disadvantaged or oppressed groups.

Front 50

What do people typically think of when they think of affirmative action?

Back 50

Is it morally required or prohibited?

Front 51

What does Boonin think about moral permissibility?

Back 51

Boo in thinks that it is morally permissible.

Front 52

Why would you question a dictionary definition?

Back 52

It establishes what two people are discussing and helps to prevent miscommunication between people.

Hint 52

Clarity

Front 53

Intellectual Empathy

Back 53

Intellectual empathy involves the ability to appreciate the beliefs of someone who believes differently than you.

Hint 53

Relating to someone

Front 54

What is intellectual empathy not?

Back 54

Does not require the approval of another person for their feelings.

Hint 54

Approval

Front 55

What is intellectual empathy good for?

Back 55

1) Intellectual empathy is our best bet for understanding other people and forming reliable beliefs about the positions they hold.

2) Intellectual empathy demonstrates our trust in those around us, since we treat other as reasonable people whose beliefs are deserving of our consideration. We show that we respect them by treating them as trustworthy.

Front 56

How do you develop intellectual empathy?

Back 56

1) Ask yourself why someone might hold a view you disagree with, and spend time thinking about it. An answer might not come to you right away.

2) Have a conversation with yourself in which you play both the part of your real self and the part of the person with whom you disagree.

3) Read the world of people with whom you disagree, or talk to them, paying close attention to what they believe and why they believe it.

4 try to explain to someone with whom you disagree what her view is and why she holds it. Then, have her tell you what she would change about the way you describe her view.

Front 57

What is intellectual humility?

Back 57

Involves the ability to accurately assess the value or reliability of ones own belief.

Hint 57

Assess