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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Critical thinking?
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the investigative process of resolving doubt through “the systematic evaluation and formulation of beliefs and statements by reasonable standards.”
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Thinking involves?
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*contemplation *evaluation
*imagination |
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Critical involves?
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*analysis
*evaluation |
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Epistemology?
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• The study of knowledge
•Distinction between belief (doubt?)/ knowledge •Distinction between subjective/objective |
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Logic?
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•Rules of inference contained in arguments
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Deductive/ Inductive?
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*true-structure of argument vs. uncertain or false-probability
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Tenacity (wishful thinking)
*Peirce’s Methods |
stick to what you believe, as long as you put it to practice
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Authority
*Peirce’s Methods |
higher figures could be wrong and make mistakes, always question
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Intuition
*Peirce’s Methods |
your feeling can be wrong
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Science
*Peirce's Methods |
strongest method, testable and fallable, explore everything like a scientist
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Skeptical?
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willing to question
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Objective?
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John is taller than Keanu
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Subjective?
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John is a better actor than Keanu
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Premises?
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statements that support claim
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Conclusion?
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premise for argument
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Non-arguments
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1) explanations (already known)
2) conditionals (if/then) |
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Argument?
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premise(s) + conclusion
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“Haunted Mind”
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• Ghosts are in your mind
Francis Bacon *philosopher 16th century *believed we worshiped false idols- The IDOLS of the mind |
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1) “Idols of the Tribe”
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(perception) barriers to the fact we are human (our natural error)
*ex: if there is a picture of a duck, but it could also be a rabbit (duck/rabbit) -have to switch your perception (selective attention) |
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2) “Idols of the Cave”
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(egocentrism) people are living like they are prisoners in a cave (remember the story of the cave)
*use our own bias to determine things (rationalization)-believe what we want |
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3) “Idols of the Marketplace"
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limit our language in the marketplace (language)
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Logic/ Rhetoric
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*persuasion
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Cognitive/Emotive
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*Object with certain feelings
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Euphemism/ Dysphemism
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*Substitution of another word to put a positive spin on it
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Vagueness
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*Language that is unclear, vague
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Ambiguity
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*Semantic: more than 1 meaning
*Syntactic: grammar, structure of words |
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Statements:
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1. I don’t know what state Meredith is in.
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Headlines:
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1. “College Graduates Blind Senior Citizen”
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Arguments:
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1. We shouldn’t hire peter, because our company has a policy against drug users ©, and I saw peter take aspirin.
*drug could be pharm. Or harmful WEAK ARGUMENT |
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4) “Idols of the Theater”
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same event can be seen in two different ways (sociocentrism)
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“Haunted World View"
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*won’t understand other countries point of view
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Subjective Relativism
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*Different from one person and another individual
*“All is relative”-wrong |
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Social relativism
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*Principle of tolerance- everybody is right
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Skepticism
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*Open-minded, always willing to question
*Clifford and Russel- religious skeptics |
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Deductive Argument
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*Conclusion is necessary true, if the following premises are true
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Deductive Argument
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1.Mathematic arguments
2. Definition arguments 3.Categorical syllogism- 2 premises, 1 conclusion 4. Hypothetical Syllogism 5. Conditional arguments 6. Disjunctive Syllogism (either/or Syllogism) |
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Inductive Argument
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*Given premises the conclusion is probably true (never certain)
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Inductive Argument
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1.Prediction argument
2.Analogy 3.Generalization 4.Statistics 5.Authority 6.Signs 7.Causal argument (always probable, never certain) 8.Science (probability) 9.Detective Work |
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Evaluation
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Deductive
*All German are Europeans. *All Berliners are Germans. *All Berliners are European *VALID argument (sound) |
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Inductive
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*The paper has been delivered by seven every day but two for the past 3 years.
*The paper will arrive by seven tomorrow. *STRONG (highly probable), COGENT - if low probability, (its WEAK) |
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Disjunctive Syllogism (Either/or) – (V)
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*Either the battery is dead (P), or there is an ignition short (Q).
*The battery is not dead. *Therefore there’s an ignition short. |
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Hypothetical Syllogism
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*If you study (P), you will pass (Q). p->q ALWAYS VALID
*If you pass, you will graduate. *If you study, then you will pass. |
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Modus Poneus (form is always VALID)
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*Valid: If p then q (p->q) (sound-valid and premises are true)
*P *Q. (affirming antecedent) *If John is in Fullerton (antecedent), then he is in California. *John is in Fullerton. *John is in California. (affirming antecedent) ~p NOT MODUS PONEUS ~q *J is not in Full. *J is not in CA. (denying antecedent- INVALID) |
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Modus Tollens
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*Valid: If p then q.
*Not q . *Not p. *Invalid: If p then q. (affirming consequent) *If J is in F then J in *J not in Ca. *J is not in F. (denying consequent) |
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Simple Statement:
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Hawaii is a state.
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Compound Statement:
(more than 1 simple statement) |
If you study, then you will succeed.
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(A)
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I have Apples in my cupboard.
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(~A) negation
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I do not have Apples in my cupboard.
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(A * B) conjunction
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I have Apples and Bananas in my cupboard.
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(OvP) disjunction
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I have either Oranges or Peaches in my cupboard.
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(C -> V) conditional
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If it’s a Carrot, then it’s a Vegetable.
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(V = D) biconditional or (V->D) * (D->V)
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You eat Venison if and only if you eat Dear.
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conjunction
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~B *[R v(Q->S)]
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disjunction
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~(B * R)v(QQ->S)
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negation
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~[(B * R)v(Q->S)]
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I do not have both Apples and Bananas.
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~(A * B) see ~A v ~B
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I have neither Oranges nor Peaches.
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~(OvP) see ~O * ~P
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If it is an Orange from my backyard, then it is either a Navel or Valencia.
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O->(NvV)
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Conditional:
If A, then B A only if B A implies B B if A |
A->B
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Conditional:
A if B |
B->A
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A if and only if B
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A=B
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Conditional:
A is sufficient for B B is necessary for A |
A->B
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Not either P or Q
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~(PvQ)
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Either not P or Q
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~PvQ
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Not both P an Q
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~(P * Q)
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Both not P and Q
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~P * Q
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P and if Q then R
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P *(Q->R)
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If P and Q then R
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(P * Q) -> R
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