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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Philosophy? |
It literally means; love of wisdom but philosophy in its technical sense might be thought of in three aspects: an activity, a set of attitudes and a body of content |
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What are the 4 goals of Educational Philosophy? |
1. To help educators become aquainted with the basic problems of education. 2. To enable them to evaluate better the wide variety of suggestions offered as solutions to these problems and, 3. To assist them in clarifying, thinking about the goals of both life and education and, 4. To guide them in the development of an internally consistent point of view and a program that relates realistically to the larger context. |
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Philosophy as a Content Name the 3 Aspects |
Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology |
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What is Metaphysics? |
The study of questions concerning the nature of reality “What is ultimately real?” |
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What is Epistemology? |
The study of the nature of truth and knowledge and how these are attained and evaluated “What is true?” and “How do we know?” |
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What is Axiology?
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The study of questions of value “What is of value?” |
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Philosophy as an Activity Name all Activities and Explain |
Examine the evidence Analyse the logic in an argument Synthesize to unite and intergrate specialised knowledges. Speculate to allow a rational jump from the known to the unknown Prescribe to discover and illuminate principles for deciding what actions and qualities are most worthwhile. Evaluate the meaning |
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Philosophy as an Attitude Name the 4 Attitudes |
Self Awareness Comprehensiveness Penetration Flexibility |
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Explain Comprehensiveness |
An inclination toward collecting as much relevant data on a subject as possible from a wide spectrum of sources |
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Explain Self-Awareness |
Being as honest as possible in regard to personal bias,assumption and prejudices |
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Explain Penetration |
Desire that leads a person to go as deeply into a problem as skill, time and energy will allow |
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Explain Flexibility |
Willingness to restructure ideas in the face of insufficent evidence and the ability to envision viable alternatives to a viewpoint |
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What is Education? |
The 'deliberate' effort by the learner with or without the aid of a teacher or peer to achieve academic goals |
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What is Learning?
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A change of behavior which is as a result of experience (the process that produces the capability of exhibiting new or changed human behavior, provided that the new behavior or behavior change cannot be explained on the basis of some other process or experience) |
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What is Schooling? |
A formal and informal way of education |
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What is Training? |
Does not require the kind of thinking that humans need for education. Training can take place on the animal level, while education is essentially a human process. It should be noted that education may at times include some training aspects, since training is a subset of education just as education is a subset of learning. |
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Name 4 Metaphysical Aspects |
1. Cosmology 2. Theological 3. Anthropological 4. Ontological |
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What is Cosmology? |
Cosmology consists in the study of theories about the origin, nature, and development of the universe as an orderly system. “How did the universe originate and develop?”
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What is Theology? |
Theology is that part of religious theory that has to do with conceptions of and about God.
"Is there a God?" |
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What is Anthropology? |
Anthropology deals with the study of human beings. The anthropological aspect of philosophy is a unique category, since, unlike other areas of human investigation, humanity is both the subject and the object of inquiry.
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What is Ontology? |
Ontology is the study of the nature of existence, or what it means for anything to be. Since the ontological task “is to determine what we mean when we say that something is."
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Types of Theological beliefs: Atheists Deists |
Atheists claim that there is no God, while pantheists posit that God and the universe are identical—all is God, and God is all.
Deists view God as the maker of nature and moral laws, but assert that God exists apart from, and is not interested in, humanity and the physical universe. |
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Types of theological beliefs: Theists Polytheism Monotheism |
Theists believe in a personal creator God.
Polytheism holds that the deity should be thought of as plural, while monotheism insists that there is one God. |
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Metaphysics and Education
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Education, like other human activities, cannot escape the realm of metaphysics. Metaphysics, the issue of ultimate reality, is central to any concept of education because it is important that the educational program of the school be based upon fact and reality rather than fancy, illusion, or imagination.
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Aspects of Epistemology Dimensions of Knowledge What is Knowledge? |
Knowledge (ˈnɒlɪdʒ)n 1. the facts, feelings or experiences known by a person or group of people 2. the state of knowing 3. awareness, consciousness, or familiarity gained by experience or learning 4. erudition or informed learning 5. specific information about a subject |
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Can Reality be known?
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Most people claim that reality can be known. Once they have taken that position, however, they must decide through what sources reality may be known, and they must have some conception of how to judge the validity of their knowledge.
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What is Skepticism? |
Skepticism in its narrow sense is the position claiming that it is impossible to gain knowledge and that any search for truth is in vain. This thought was well expressed by Gorgias (c. 483-376 B.C.), the Greek Sophist who asserted that nothing exists, and that if it did, we could not know it. |
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What is Agnosticism?
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Agnosticism is a profession of ignorance, especially in reference to the existence or nonexistence of God, rather than a positive denial of any valid knowledge.
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What are differences between relative and absolute truth?
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Relative Truth are subject to change, what is true today might not be true tomorrow.
Absolute Truth refers to that Truth which is eternally and universally true irrespective of time or place. |
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Knowledge subjective or objective?
What are the three basic positions on the objectivity of knowledge? |
First, some hold that knowledge is something that comes to us from the “outside” and is inserted into our minds and nervous systems.
Second, others believe that knowers contribute something in this engagement of themselves with the world in such a way as to be partially responsible for the structure of their knowledge. Third, is that we exist as “pure subjects” who become the manufacturers of truth rather than either its recipients or participants. |
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Is there truth independent of human experience? What is a priori knowledge? |
A priori knowledge refers to truth that some thinkers claim is built into the very fabric of reality. It is independent of human knowers and is true whether any human knows and accepts it or not. This type of truth is said to exist prior to human experience of it and is independent of human awareness.
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What is a posteriori knowledge? |
Whatever knowledge is attained regarding a relationship is a posteriori—it is posterior to human experience of it and is dependent on human awareness.
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Epistemology Sources of Knowledge The Senses |
Empiricism is the view that knowledge is obtained through the senses, that people form pictures of the world around them by seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, and tasting. Empirical knowledge is built into the very nature of human experience.
The advantage of empirical knowledge is that many sensory experiences and experiments are open to both replication and public examination. |
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Sources of Knowledge Revelation |
Revealed knowledge has been of prime importance in the field of religion. It differs from all other sources of knowledge by presupposing a transcendent supernatural reality that breaks into the natural order. Revelation is God’s communication concerning the divine will.
The truth gained through this source is believed to be absolute and uncontaminated. |
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Sources of Knowledge Authority |
Authoritative knowledge is accepted as true because it comes from experts or has been sanctified over time as tradition.
If this authoritative knowledge is built upon a foundation of incorrect assumptions, then that knowledge will of necessity be distorted. |
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Sources of Knowledge Reason |
The rationalist, in emphasizing humanity’s power of thought and what the mind contributes to knowledge, is likely to claim that the senses alone cannot provide us with universally valid judgments that are consistent with one another. These sensations must be organized by the mind into a meaningful system before they become knowledge.
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Sources of Knowledge Intutition |
Intuition is perhaps the most personal way of knowing. It is a direct apprehension of knowledge accompanied by an intense feeling of conviction that one has discovered what he or she is looking for. Intuition has been claimed, under varying circumstances, as a source for both religious and secular knowledge. “immediate feeling of certainty” and “imagination touched with conviction.” Intuition occurs beneath the “threshold of consciousness.” |
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Validityof Knowledge
The Correspondence Theory |
is a test which uses agreement with “fact” as a standard of judgment.
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Validity of Knowledge
The Coherence Theory |
places its trust in the consistency or harmony of all one’s judgments.
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