Philosophy Final

Front 1

Basket of Fruit analogy

Back 1

Take every strawberry out of the basket. Set aside the mushy ones bc they might have a use later on but only fill the basket with the perfect, ripe strawberries.

[Meant to represent Cartesian idea of ripping knowledge down to studs and building up again only with what is proved to be true]

Front 2

Descartes First Philosophy

Back 2

Epistemology; to begin, focus on the thing that does the thinking (the mind)

Front 3

Cartesian Epistemological Turn

Back 3

Shift away from speculative metaphysics and toward epistemology

Front 4

Rationalism

Back 4

Knowledge is gained primarily and most importantly through reason

Front 5

Descartes Coherence Theory of Truth

Back 5

New ideas are to be evaluated in terms of their rational or logical consistency with already established truths.

Front 6

Descartes Methodic Doubt

Back 6

Doubting everything that is possible to doubt in the least degree.

Front 7

"Cogito, Ergo Sum"

Back 7

"I think therefore I am"

LACKS MAJOR PREMISE (ENTHYMEME)

the argument requires the use of the sensory world which goes against what he has already established

Front 8

Cartesian Dream argument

Back 8

Descartes argues that sensory perception cannot be fully trusted because it can be easily deceived. If you're dreaming, how do you know? Therefore, senses can only be trusted if reason proves them true.

NOT ENOUGH TO CONVINCE SKEPTICS

Still works mostly in abstracts, not easy proof

Front 9

What is the mind-body problem in reference to Descartes?

Back 9

Descartes claims that the mind and the body are connected, as the thinking thing that operates the acting thing, but does not explain how they are connected, how reason is applied beyond the mind, or what that connection might be comprised of.

Front 10

Descartes argument for the existence of God?

Back 10

"If I created myself, I must be God but I can't be God, so something else created me."

Idea of the tri-omni is innate bc it hasn't ever been sensed/experienced

Humans are created in God's likeness, with the trademark of human aspects and ideas, and therefore humans are the less than version of God

God gave me both senses and the ability to reason because he does not want to deceive me with senses, therefore reason allows to me to trust me senses. If things are doubtful, apply more senses.

Front 11

What does Descartes decide is absolute and certain before any investigation?

Back 11

That he exists, for if that is not true, no truths that might follow are in the least bit relevant.

Front 12

How is Descartes approach different from skeptics

Back 12

Seeks not to show that no knowledge exists and nothing can be proved to be true, but instead to find the absolute truths and use them to build everything back up.

Front 13

Copernican Revolution and Aristotelian Thought

Back 13

Copernican Revolution challenged Aristotelian belief that the heavens were unmoving, unchanging, and perfect. Aristotle believed the heavens rotated around the earth, which was contradicted by the existence of moons. It also challenged Aristotle's belief of fixed stars.

Front 14

Empiricism

Back 14

Knowledge gained primarily and most importantly through experience.

Reason is good, but helpful only when it has something to work with (sense data).

Front 15

Molneux Problem

Back 15

If someone born blind was suddenly able to see, would they be able to identify objects by sight alone?

PROBLEMS: can't conceptualize what it looks like, so how could they know by sight alone? Might be able to generalize but no specifics.

Front 16

What is a skeptic?

Back 16

Someone who claims there is no suitable justification for a belief.

Front 17

Locke vs. Descartes BACKGROUND

Back 17

Locke = physician

Descartes = mathematician

Front 18

Locke's Correspondence Theory of Truth

Back 18

An idea is true if whatever it refers to actually exists.

Front 19

Tabula Rasa

Back 19

"Blank Slate"

We are born with instinct, but no innate ideas. We are born a BLANK SLATE.

Front 20

Sensation vs. Idea

Back 20

Sensation - derives all sensible qualities (the raw data)

Idea - anything that exists in the mind; can be simple (chief source of raw material; COLOR) or complex (compound of simple ideas; APPLE)

Front 21

Primary vs. Secondary Qualities

Back 21

Primary - exists in the object; objective (measurable and true independent of perception); size, shape, location, motion

Secondary - do not exist in the object; subjective; color, taste, smell, texture, sound

Front 22

Locke's activities of the mind

Back 22

1. Join ideas

2. Bring them together but hold them separate

3. Abstract (pull a quality away, consider just that)

Front 23

What is the epistemological problem Locke comes to?

Back 23

He cannot explain the understanding of substance, which cannot be verified. In following his own theory of truth, it therefore is not true.

Front 24

What is the epistemological problem Locke comes to?

Back 24

He cannot explain the understanding of substance, which cannot be verified. In following his own theory of truth, it therefore is not true.

Front 25

Idealism

Back 25

Belief that only ideas exist

Front 26

Esse et percipi

Back 26

"To be is to be perceived."

Things exist either as the perceiver or the thing being perceived.

Front 27

What does Berkeley mean by existence?

Back 27

Berkeley refers to substance matter when he speaks of existence.

Front 28

Berkeley's critique of abstract ideas

Back 28

All ideas and concepts come from things we have perceived and no abstracts can be held because they will always depend on previous perceptions.

Ex.) Abstract concept of triangularity

Front 29

Impression vs. Idea

Back 29

Impression - the first appearances on the soul; more vivid and robust

->simple (admit no distinction, indivisible parts; COLORED DOTS)

->complex (distinguished into parts, compound; PICTURE ON SCREEN)

Ideas - less forceful, less vivid copy of the impression.

Front 30

Perceptions

Back 30

Materials given to us by sense and experience

Front 31

Hume's copy principle

Back 31

All of our simple ideas in their first appearance are derives from simple impressions, which are correspondent to them and essentially copies.

Front 32

How does Hume describe the self?

Back 32

You are a collection of perceptions. If you take away every perception you've ever had, you're left with nothing.

Front 33

What does Hume claim scientific reasoning rests on?

Back 33

Founded on the relation of cause and effect --> a posteriori (experience)

Front 34

What is Hume's necessary connection?

Back 34

Cause and effect

Front 35

Hume's Empirical Criterion of Meaning

Back 35

All meaningful ideas are derived from simple impressions

Denies innate ideas

Front 36

Hume's ontological diagram

Back 36

Only perceptions

Front 37

Berkeley's Ontological diagram

Back 37

1. Minds

2. Perceptions

3. Ideas

Front 38

Locke's ontological diagram

Back 38

1. Minds

2. Physical Objects

3. Sensations

4. Ideas

Front 39

Kant's transcendental aesthetic of Space and Time

Back 39

"Transcendental Aesthetic of Space and Time is a pure form of intuition."

We immediately apprehend the essence of Space as the void between objects and Time as successive moments of perception through reason behind experience and sense.

Space, time, and causation are the lenses through which we see the world.

Front 40

Analytic vs. Synthetic Judgement

Back 40

Analytic - predicate is contained within the subject. The statement is trivial as the aspect is necessary of the subject and exists without experience. (i.e. All bachelors are unmarried.)

Synthetic - predicate is not contained within the subject. It adds to the subject and is informative because it depends on experience. (i.e. Some bachelors are ugly.)

Front 41

A prioir vs. A posteriori

Back 41

A priori - universal and necessary; before experience (math, logic)

A posteriori - contingent and specific; after experience (colors)

Front 42

Synthetic a priori judgement

Back 42

"Experience stimulates the faculty if reason"

Limited knowledge synthesized to universal knowledge as in cause and effect

EX. 7+5=12 ( we don't actually have all the concepts of what could make up 12 but bc this instance does make twelve, we can make that jump)

Front 43

Kant and causation

Back 43

Causation is a synthetic a priori leap. We take limited experience, and make leaps of reason.

Front 44

Sartre and Bad Faith

Back 44

Bad faith is when you create a false essence; when you present yourself as different than who you really are

Front 45

Sartre and authenticity

Back 45

When you present yourself as you truly are and remain true to your essence; when you play no roles

Front 46

Why are "condemned to be free"?

Back 46

When you're free, you hold the control and you make the choices. Therefore, you can shift neither blame nor responsibility to someone else and you must shoulder it. You must also always make the choices because even choosing not to make a choice is itself a choice.

Front 47

"Existence precedes essence"

Back 47

As humans, we exist and then we define ourselves (essence)

We exist, we become aware, and then we make choices.

Front 48

Sartre and self

Back 48

"Man is the bundle of every choice he has ever made."

Front 49

Being-in-itself vs. Being-for-itself

Back 49

In-itself - objects in the external world (inanimate objects); there is no choice, it just simply IS.

For-itself - defines man;conscious of its consciousness; must create itself from nothingness

Front 50

Kant and the self

Back 50

Transcendental apperception

Front 51

Kant's Copernican Revolution

Back 51

Makes the object possible rather than the object that makes the representation possible.

The human mind is an active originator of experience.

Front 52

Enlightenment and scholastic philosophy

Back 52

Descartes push to shift away from the metaphysical contradicted and broke down most of the Aristotelian beliefs that had already been established