Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Epistemology
|
Philosophical study of the idea knowlege and ideas that circle around knowledge such as belief, doubt, evidence, and certainty
|
|
|
Meaning question of Epistomology
|
What is knowlegde?
|
|
|
Truth Question of Epistemology
|
Is there any knowledge? Does anyone really know anything?
|
|
|
Logical Connection question of epistemology
|
Is faith a form of knowledge? Is there a connection between the two?
|
|
|
What is knowledge?
|
It is justified, true belief
ie: President Kennedy was assassinated |
|
|
Religious Dogmatics
|
Believe that faith and knowledge are connected. Belive with high probability or with certainty that God exsists
|
|
|
Anti-Religious Dogmatics
|
Belive that faith and knowledge are connected. Believe with high probability or with certainty that God does not exsist
|
|
|
Religious Skeptics
|
Believe that there is no connection between knowledge and faith. Believe that one cannot know "x" but choose to live as if we know "x"
|
|
|
Anti-Religious Skeptics
|
Believe that there is no connection between knowledge and faith.
|
|
|
Primary Sources
|
1.) Experience
2.) Reason 3.) Intuition |
|
|
Secondary Sources
|
1.) Knowing by authority or testimony (ie: labels on can)
2.) Revelation from God |
|
|
Fatalism
|
A view that every detail of the future is set, just as all the detail of the past is already set
|
|
|
Lazy Argument for Fatalism
(encourages laziness) |
If something is fated to happen to me, it will happen to me no matter what I do between now and then
|
|
|
Problems with the 'Lazy Argument'
|
1.) It promotes laziness
2.) There is no motivation 3.) Logically incoheirent 4.) Not real fatalism |
|
|
Local Fatalism
|
Sometimes you're in a situation where the outcomes is going to happen. (Not a philosophical view)
|
|
|
Illustrations of Local Fatalism
|
(Final Studying) If a student never goes to class or does homework for O.Chem, and they decide to just cram and study everything for the final a few hours before, no matter what they do, they will fail the exam
(Suicide)If a person jumps off a bridge, they will hit the water and die. They cannot change their mind half way in between |
|
|
Reasons people believe in Fatalism
|
1.) Appeal to God
2.) Appeal to Reason |
|
|
"Appeal to God" Reason for Fatalism
|
God has total knowledge and total power. If He knows every detail of the future, the future must be set.
|
|
|
"Appeal to Logic" reason for Fatalism
|
"Law of the exluded middle"
Every proposition is either true or false (eternally T or F) There are propositions of the past, so there are propositions of the future |
|
|
Logical Connection Question for Free will
|
Is Free will necessary for moral resposibility?
|
|
|
Moral Model
|
Standard human beings are moral agents or beings, and we are morally responsible for how we live
(Good vs. Bad/Held responsible for actions) |
|
|
Medical/Mechanical Model
|
Humans are either sick or healthy
If people do not act 'normally' they need to be fixed. They are sick and need to be cured. |
|
|
Determinism
|
Philosophical claim that for everything that ever happens, there are conditions such that, given them, nothing else can happen
|
|
|
3 Positions between determinism and free will
|
1.) Hard Determinism
2.) Soft Determinism 3.) Nondeterminism or Indeterminism |
|
|
Hard Determinism
|
-Determinism is true
-There is no free will -No Moral Responsibility -Pure medical/mechanical model belief -(Cannot be Christian) |
|
|
Soft Determinism
|
-Determinism is true for some human choices
-There is free will and moral responsibility -Believe in the Moral model |
|
|
Indeterminism (Non determinism)
|
-Determinism is false, especially for human choices
- There is free will and moral responsibility -Belief in Moral model |
|
|
Rational Freewill
|
If a person makes an action, they must have a personal reason fro doing it. There is a link between person and choice
Soft Determinism/Indeterminism |
|
|
Non Rational Freewill
|
You do not need to have a personal reason for doing something. It is free, so do it!
(free will on steroids) |
|
|
Epicurean Freewill
|
The mind atoms swerves for a completely uncaused reason and therefore is free will
|
|
|
Example of Epicurean Freewill
|
Benny comes out of the library with you and hits you on the head with a baseball bat. You ask him why he did that, and he said a mind atom swerved and had me hit you on the head.
|
|
|
Determinism Freewill
|
Given the person's character and circumstance at time "t", the eprson is causually (as cause and effect) determined to make the very choice he makes at time "t"
|
|
|
Indeterminism Freewill
|
Given the person's character and circumstance at time "t", the eprson is causually (as cause and effect) determined to choose between options a,b,c...n (the range). Which of these options the person chooses is NOT causily determined by his character and circumstance.
|
|
|
What is the correlation between prayer and free will
|
Many prayer requests we have, if God answers yes, it will impact other people's free choice
Pray for someone to get a job: (Makes someone hire another) Prayer for someone to grow in faith: (Makes somene change some actions) |
|
|
2 notions of the Will of God
|
1.) God revealed will
- what God says he wants (commmandments, law, ect) 2.) Hidden Will of God - What God has determined will happen, but has not been made known yet |
|
|
Story of Mary and Martha (Example of freewill and prayer)
|
Twin sisters who have hate and bitterness toward eachother, and you pray that they will forgive eachother.
Of course it is God's will that Mary and Martha reconsile, but what are you asking God to do? Comp: You are asking God to change their heart. Lib: Try and influence them, but no guarentee |
|
|
Criticsim of Mary and Martha
|
Comp:
God is making them into puppets Lib: God is reduced to "giving his best shot" |
|
|
Do we have an obligation to try and prove God exsists?
|
As Christians, we have not obligtion to try and prove that God exsists. However, we can still have good reason on trying to prove God's existence
|
|
|
2 Good Reasons to try and prove God's existence
|
1.) It might open people up to believe in Jesus
2.) Some doubting Christians can be helped by presenting evidence about God's exsistence |
|
|
Good proof
|
Valid, deductive arguement with premise knows to be true. Must have logical sense and psycological sense
|
|
|
Logical Sense
|
Argument is valid and deductive
|
|
|
Psycological Sense
|
It convinces people
|
|
|
Deductive Proof
|
It is guarenteed
|
|
|
Non Deductive (Inductive) Proof
|
There is high probability. There is a cumalative case argument. Infurence to the best explaination
|
|
|
The fact that there is a universe means something exsists
|
1.) Cosmological Argument
2.) Structure, telelogical order information 3.) Arguments from reason and logic 4.) Moral Arguments |
|
|
Ontological Argument
(Deductive) |
The one and only argument of God:
Consistence of the existence of the idea of God to the exsistence of God This is a radical argument that people are still working and debating on today |
|
|
Traditional Interpetation of Anselm's Argument
(MEMORIZE!) |
Premise 1:
God is being than which nothing greater can be concieved Premise 2: Everyone understands these words being than which nothing greater can be concieved Premise 3: Whatever is understood exists in the understanding Premise 4: Therefore, a being than which nothing greater can be concieved (ie: God) exsists in the understanding Premise 5: It is greater to exsist in reality then not to exsist. Or it is greater to exsist both in the understanding and reality Premise 6: Therefore if God exsists only in the understanding, he would not be as great as he could be. (He would not be a being than which nothing greater can be concieved) Premise 7: God is a being than which nothing greater can be concieved Premise 8: Therefore God does not exsist only in the understanding Premise 9: Therefore God exsists in reality |
|
|
Traditional Objection to Traditional Interpetation of Anselm's Argument
|
The exsistence is a predicute (quality, attribute, property)
|
|
|
Explanation of the Traditional Objection
|
he has a notion of greatness, one is greater than another in than which nothing greater can be concieved. Exsistence is a property or predicate: a greatmaking predicate. (If I have it, I am great and if someone else doesn't have it, then I am greater than them.) Exsistence isn't a property at all, so it cannot be a greatmaking property, so it does not exsist
|
|
|
Greatmaking Property
|
A property in which If I have it, I am great and if someone else doesn't have it, then I am greater than them
|
|
|
Medium Question 1
|
Carefully compare and contrast compatibilism and libertarianism, being sure to include the case of the concert pianist as part of your answer
|
|
|
Medium Question 2
|
Explain what fake (counterfeit) fatalism is, and describe what is wrong with it.
|
|
|
Long Answer Question
|
: Give a detailed presentation of the reading selection by Mitchell, including his Parable of the Stranger.
|
|
|
Bonus Essay
|
Give a detailed summary of the entire section by John Hick, “There is a Reason why God allows Evil”.
|
|
|
John Hick Reading
|
John Hick (pp 125 - 130)
"There is a Reason why God allows Evil" |
|
|
W. K Clifford Reading
|
W.K CLifford (pp134 - 139)
Ethics of Belief -Agnostic Key Claim: "it is always wrong, anytime, to believe something without adiquite evidence" |
|
|
John Stuart Mill Reading
|
John Stuart Mill (pp 537 - 543)
"Utalitariamism" |
|
|
John Hospers Reading
|
John Hospers (218 - 223)
Argument against skeptism -Conditions for knowledge are truth, belief, evidence |
|
|
Basil Mitchell Reading
|
Basil Mitchell (pg 153 - 154)
"Parable of the Stranger" |
|
|
Parable of the Stranger
|
-Stranger is on out side
-Stranger stands for God -This is a response to Flew (148 - 152) Means that some things count against out faith but they do not falsify them. Claims that there are things that count against our faith, but none count desicively against our faith |
|
|
James Rachel's Reading
|
James Rachels (484 - 489 - first 5 sections)
"Morality is Not Relative |
