Philosophy Final

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morality

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consists of the standards that an individual or a group has about what is right and wrong or good and evil.

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ethical absolutism

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states that one and only one corect morality exisits

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ethical relativism

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denies the existance of a single, universally applicable moral standard.

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consequentialist theory

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measures the morality of an action by its non-moral consequences.

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ethical egoism

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states that we act morally when we act in a way that promotes our own best long term interests.

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hedonism

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is the ethical philosophy which holds that only pleasure is worth having for it's own sake.

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utilitarianism

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asserts that the standard of morality is the promotion of everyone's best interest.

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act utilitarianism

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contends that we should act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the most people.

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rule utilitarianism

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means that we should act so that the rule governing our actions produce the greatest happiness for the most people.

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divine command theory

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the nonconsequentialist normative theory that says that we should always do the will of God.

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categorical imperative

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states that we should do something only if we can will the maxim, or general rule, goverening our action to become a universal law.

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virtue ethics

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in ethics, the positionthat the moral life should be concerned with cultivating a virtuous character rather than following rules of actions.

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virtue

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in ethics, a morally good character trait, such as honesty, courage, or integrity

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excusability

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the concept that under certain circumstances people are not morally responsible for their decisions and conduct.

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determinism

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the theory that everything that occurs happens in accordance with some regular pattern or law.

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libertarianism

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in metaphysics, the view that determinism is false and that people are free to choose to act other than they do; in social philosophy, the view that the right to freedom from restraint takes priority over all other rights.

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nonconsequentialist theory

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states that the morality of an action depends on factors other than consequence.

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compatibilism

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befief that people cannot choose to act against their individual characters.

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social philosophy

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the application of moral principles to the problems of freedom, equality, justice, and the state.

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contract theory

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in social philosophy, the doctrine that individuals give up certain liberties and rights to the state, which in turn guarentees such rights as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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eternal law

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for Aquinas, God's decrees for the governance of the universe.

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natural law

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a pattern of necessary and universal regularity; a universal moral imperative, a description of what ought to happen in all human relationships

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human law

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for Aquinas, specific codes of justice that apply to a particular group, society, or community

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right

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in ethics, a justified entitlement to something