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43 Cards in this Set

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Deduction

Involves taking a general principle about the world and deducing what or should happen in a particular instance


-e.g. touching a stove will cause pain, if i touch the stove it will be painful

General to specific

Induction Problem 2: Appeal to experience

-David Hume its a circular argument.


-Employs the very kind of inductive argument that the validity for which is supposed to be in need of justification.


-You cannot use induction to prove induction

Begging the question

Induction

-involves miving from a limited number of particular observations to general conclusions concerning cases we have not yet considered


-we look for patterns to tepeat itself and therefore lead us to believe there will always be a repeated conclusion

Induction Problem 1: Appealing to logic

-doesn't work as inductive arguments are not logically valid


-its conclusion doesn't necessarily follow its premise


-Turkey always fed same time, famer dies


-logic implies 100% guarantee

Logic

Scientific Method Steps

Step 1: Emperical observation: Use senses to observe something, and note if it happens consistently


Step 2: Hypothesis: Use the data from your observations to generate a principle that explaisn the data (using inductive reasoning)


Step 3: Experiment and testing: Design/ conduct experiments to test hypothesis and see if it has 'deductive' results

OHE

Obligations

-we have obligations to non-human world, consists of animals, the environment


-Aristotle reasoned that "what people do determines their character" Therefore we have such obligations in order to maintain our reputations

Non human world

Harm Principle

-John Stewart Mill suggests that the only purpose for which power can be exercised against the will of an individual is to prevent harm from to others


-for freedom to exist, so does justice and justice cannot be served if people feel harmed by the freedoms available to others

Common good

The coomon good is that which benefits society as a whole, rather than an individual good which only benefits and individual

Social Contract Socrates

-Socrates states that social cobtracf within a state arises as men have many wants and are only able to provide for them collectively and subsequently they enter the sociak cobtract as they believe it is in their best interests

Social contract

A social contract is to enter a society and agree to the laws, rules, and norms of that society in order to gain the rights and freedoms it provides as well as the duries that go with them

Democracy

John Dewey only a just society support two concepts:


1) No man or limited number of men is wise enough or good enough to rule over others without consent


2) Those wjo are affected by social institutions must share in producing and managing them

Problems with observation Example

Seeing a bent oar in the water is only a trick of the light, our eyes are not rel, senses cannot be trusted

Senses

Problems with observation

Sense data is not always the most reliable tactic in deducing situations because they can deceive us

The scientific method is based upon 3 core elements

-Sound observations


-Sound induction...leads to


-Sound explanations

BEGGING THE QUESTION

Circular argument, means that the conclusion has also been used as one of the premises


E.g. abortion is iur problem, and the problem of every human being. We are one hunan family, one one can be neutral about abortion

Straw Man

Attacks a persons argument by accusing them of saying something they didn't


-exaggerated, re-describe wrong


E.g. Mr A: i love cats


Mr B: Oh so you hate dogs then!

AD POPULUM

Appeal to popular support as a reason for agreeing woth the conclusion


-E.g. everyone has a mobile phone, and nobody thinks they are dangerous. We can comfortably agree that phones are not harmful

APPEAL TO ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES

The treat of horrible circumstances is provided as one of the premises, as the general form of:


Either A: something very bad


Or B: somthing i want you to do, therfore B

FALSE DICTONOMY

Premises suggest there are only two options, when there may be several


-set in 'either-or' statement


E.g. evolution science is in disarray, so 'creation science' must be right

Two options

Content justice

Are there good ethical reasons for doing something?

what

Procedural justice

Who's decision is it to make?

who

Intrinsic

value in the thing itself

c

value from the perceived personal benefit

Utilitarianism

Greater good fro the most amount of people

Deontology

Morality based on following a rule or rules

Descartes

Animals do not experience pain


- they are machines



Aristotle

All creatures are in a chain of being


-humans are at the top

Locke

Harming animals is morally wrong

Aquinas

Kindness and cruelty to animals is a reflection of moral character

Darwin

Humans are animals but higher animals

Deductive method


Hypothetical


Popper



1. Hypothesis


2. Deduce


3. Experiment

Scientific process


Kuhn

1.Pre science


2.Normal science


3.Crisis


4.Revolution


5.Normal science (repeats)

Liberty:


Civil

Individual rights



Family

Liberty:


National

Rights gained from being part of a group

Sports team

Liberty:


Political

Rights of contributing to collective decision making

Government

Democracy principles


Dewey

1) No one man/men are wise enough to rule without their consent


2)All those who are affected by social institutions must have their say in them

Harm principle


Mill

Only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community against his will, is to prevent harm from others

Social contract


Plato

The giving up of individual rights to receive the benefits of a society

Rawls Veil of ignorance


Principle of equal liberty

Each person has access to as much as possible without detracting from others rights

Rawls Veil of ignorance


Difference principle

Equality of opportunity, helping those who need it more (charity)

Public goods

Things that cannot be provided by private industry (as it would be come corrupt), everyone a part of that society is entitle to them

Socialism:


government industries

1) Money spread according to contribution (Productivity= proportion of benefits received)


2) According to ability (Disability=proportion of benefits evened)

Ideas of justice


Natural justice

Keeping agreements


Consent (with exceptions)