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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Deduction |
Involves taking a general principle about the world and deducing what or should happen in a particular instance -e.g. touching a stove will cause pain, if i touch the stove it will be painful |
General to specific |
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Induction Problem 2: Appeal to experience |
-David Hume its a circular argument. -Employs the very kind of inductive argument that the validity for which is supposed to be in need of justification. -You cannot use induction to prove induction |
Begging the question |
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Induction |
-involves miving from a limited number of particular observations to general conclusions concerning cases we have not yet considered -we look for patterns to tepeat itself and therefore lead us to believe there will always be a repeated conclusion |
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Induction Problem 1: Appealing to logic |
-doesn't work as inductive arguments are not logically valid -its conclusion doesn't necessarily follow its premise -Turkey always fed same time, famer dies -logic implies 100% guarantee |
Logic |
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Scientific Method Steps |
Step 1: Emperical observation: Use senses to observe something, and note if it happens consistently Step 2: Hypothesis: Use the data from your observations to generate a principle that explaisn the data (using inductive reasoning) Step 3: Experiment and testing: Design/ conduct experiments to test hypothesis and see if it has 'deductive' results |
OHE |
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Obligations |
-we have obligations to non-human world, consists of animals, the environment -Aristotle reasoned that "what people do determines their character" Therefore we have such obligations in order to maintain our reputations |
Non human world |
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Harm Principle |
-John Stewart Mill suggests that the only purpose for which power can be exercised against the will of an individual is to prevent harm from to others -for freedom to exist, so does justice and justice cannot be served if people feel harmed by the freedoms available to others |
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Common good |
The coomon good is that which benefits society as a whole, rather than an individual good which only benefits and individual |
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Social Contract Socrates |
-Socrates states that social cobtracf within a state arises as men have many wants and are only able to provide for them collectively and subsequently they enter the sociak cobtract as they believe it is in their best interests |
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Social contract |
A social contract is to enter a society and agree to the laws, rules, and norms of that society in order to gain the rights and freedoms it provides as well as the duries that go with them |
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Democracy |
John Dewey only a just society support two concepts: 1) No man or limited number of men is wise enough or good enough to rule over others without consent 2) Those wjo are affected by social institutions must share in producing and managing them |
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Problems with observation Example |
Seeing a bent oar in the water is only a trick of the light, our eyes are not rel, senses cannot be trusted |
Senses |
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Problems with observation |
Sense data is not always the most reliable tactic in deducing situations because they can deceive us |
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The scientific method is based upon 3 core elements |
-Sound observations -Sound induction...leads to -Sound explanations |
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BEGGING THE QUESTION |
Circular argument, means that the conclusion has also been used as one of the premises E.g. abortion is iur problem, and the problem of every human being. We are one hunan family, one one can be neutral about abortion |
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Straw Man |
Attacks a persons argument by accusing them of saying something they didn't -exaggerated, re-describe wrong E.g. Mr A: i love cats Mr B: Oh so you hate dogs then! |
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AD POPULUM |
Appeal to popular support as a reason for agreeing woth the conclusion -E.g. everyone has a mobile phone, and nobody thinks they are dangerous. We can comfortably agree that phones are not harmful |
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APPEAL TO ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES |
The treat of horrible circumstances is provided as one of the premises, as the general form of: Either A: something very bad Or B: somthing i want you to do, therfore B |
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FALSE DICTONOMY |
Premises suggest there are only two options, when there may be several -set in 'either-or' statement E.g. evolution science is in disarray, so 'creation science' must be right |
Two options |
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Content justice |
Are there good ethical reasons for doing something? |
what |
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Procedural justice |
Who's decision is it to make? |
who |
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Intrinsic |
value in the thing itself |
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c |
value from the perceived personal benefit |
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Utilitarianism |
Greater good fro the most amount of people |
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Deontology |
Morality based on following a rule or rules |
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Descartes |
Animals do not experience pain - they are machines |
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Aristotle |
All creatures are in a chain of being -humans are at the top |
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Locke |
Harming animals is morally wrong |
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Aquinas |
Kindness and cruelty to animals is a reflection of moral character |
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Darwin |
Humans are animals but higher animals |
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Deductive method Hypothetical Popper |
1. Hypothesis 2. Deduce 3. Experiment |
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Scientific process Kuhn |
1.Pre science 2.Normal science 3.Crisis 4.Revolution 5.Normal science (repeats) |
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Liberty: Civil |
Individual rights |
Family |
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Liberty: National |
Rights gained from being part of a group |
Sports team |
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Liberty: Political |
Rights of contributing to collective decision making |
Government |
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Democracy principles Dewey |
1) No one man/men are wise enough to rule without their consent 2)All those who are affected by social institutions must have their say in them |
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Harm principle Mill |
Only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community against his will, is to prevent harm from others |
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Social contract Plato |
The giving up of individual rights to receive the benefits of a society |
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Rawls Veil of ignorance Principle of equal liberty |
Each person has access to as much as possible without detracting from others rights |
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Rawls Veil of ignorance Difference principle |
Equality of opportunity, helping those who need it more (charity) |
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Public goods |
Things that cannot be provided by private industry (as it would be come corrupt), everyone a part of that society is entitle to them |
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Socialism: government industries |
1) Money spread according to contribution (Productivity= proportion of benefits received) 2) According to ability (Disability=proportion of benefits evened) |
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Ideas of justice Natural justice |
Keeping agreements Consent (with exceptions) |
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