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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

When is a syllogism valid?

-affirm antecedent


-deny consequent

Areas of Philosophy and example

Logic- Aristotle, Bacon (idols of the mind)



Metaphysics- Aristotle, Descartes, Plato (two world),Augustine (two world), Kant (nominal)


Epistemology- Plato (apriori), Aristotle(aposteriori), Descartes/Hume (impericists)



Ethics- Aquinas (virtue), Kant, Mills/Bentham(consequence)



Aesthetics- Plato (negative view, illusion of anillusion), Kant (rules of art, for something to be beautiful must beuniversally beautiful)



Social/Political- Locke (liberal), Rousseau (generalwill)


What were the Pre-Socratics searching for and their conclusions?

basic stuff of the universe


Thales(water), Anaxemenes (air), Empedocles (four elements), Democritus (atoms)


Why was Change a problem?

How did things come into existence and where did the old stuff go?

Difference between Atomists and Pre-Socratics

Atomists say we see accidental change but not essential change

Achilles and the Tortoise paradox (Zeno)

There are infinite number of half-points so we never arrive at the finish line

Flying Arrow paradox (Zeno)

There is no motion at an instant

Difference between Socrates and Post-Modernism's moral relativists


Socrates - ultimate truth


Post Modernists - general

What is Happiness according to Socrates?


find truth via self reflection

Why is Virtue important for Socrates?

If you turn your back on Virtue, you turn your back on Truth

Plato's Two Worlds


-sensible word


-world of forms

Five aspects of form/oneness


-identity


-motion


-rest


-being


-difference

Demiurge (Plato)

Fashioner that takes Oneness and places them into the sensible world

Plato's Theory of the Soul


reason - prudence - philosophers


irascible- fortitude - auxiliaries

concupscible - temperance - artisans

Plato's epistemology

aposteriori

Aristotle's epistemology

apriori

Prime Matter

pure potentiality

Aristotle's concept of being

something cannot come out of nothing

Happiness for Aristotle


-by activity, the fullness of being


-act virtuously

Aristotle's theory of the Soul


reason - prudence


will - justice


irascible - fortitude


concupscible - temperance

Kalon

morally beautiful

Golden Mean


-middle of two extremes


-absolutist

Teleological, Ontological, Cosmological arguments for God


Teleological- study of purpose, everything has apurpose and design



Ontological- study of being, better to be real thanfake and God is perfection




Cosmological- study of cause, something cannot comeout of nothing


St. Anselm's proof of God

Reality is more perfectthan fake so God must be real. Difficult to dispute because definitions are strong.

Why does evil exist? (St. Augustine)

free will

Just War theory


-last resort


-proportionality


-proper intent (peace)


-just cause (defence)


-success probability


-proper authority

Jus Im Bello


-cannot attack civilians


-no torture

Aquinas Five Ways


-efficient cause


-first mover


-gradation


-design


-necessary being

How does Virtue lead to Happiness? (Aquinas)


-cardinal virtues


-character cycle

Double Effect Theory


-results in good and evil


-act must be morally good


-must not intend evil


-good must come from action directly


-proportional

Skeptic (Hume)

believes nothing can be proven

Theory of Causation (Hume)


-cannot be certain one leads to another


-we see correlation but do not experience it

Kant's Categorical Imperative


-act on maxims that you will become universal


-->cannot be a contradiction of conception or will


-never treat humans as means to an end


“It is thoroughly necessary to be convinced ofGod’s existence, it is not quite so necessary that one should demonstrate it.” (Kant)


He believes in god but it is not something we canexperience since we are in the noumental world but sense in the phenominalworld. There are limits to our tools.

"I think therefore I am" (Descartes)

To think, one must exist. He thinks he is real, therefore he is real.

Existentialism

you are the supreme moral entity

How did Existentialism change from Kierkegaardto Nietzsche?

Kierkegaard says we need god to not fall intodread and Nietzsche says make yourself a god.

Utilitarianism

act is good if it creates pleasure for the greatest amount of people

Slave Morality (Nietzsche)

Social norm is imposed on us with religion keeping us down

One's existence precedes one's essence. (Sartre)

Every action recreates you

Which virtues are universal? (McIntyre)


-justice


-courage


-honesty

Jean Vanier

We hide our weaknesses but we must accept the frail. To overcome dread, we need community.

Using a modern political spectrum, categorize the politicalphilosophy of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.


Themes and Philosophers


Change: Aristotle, Zeno/Parmenides, Plato

Being: Descartes, Plato, Aquinas

Aristotle and Change


four parts:


-agent (maker)


-formal (name/title)


-material (from what)


-final (purpose)

Eleatics and Change (Zeno/Parmenides)


-unchangeable (has movements but parts don't change)


-change is an illusion

Plato and Change


-idea/essence is unchanging


-form can change

Descartes and Being


-know for certain but not certainty


-certain of God and our existence

Aquinas and Being


-essence an existence separate


-essence is potentiality for existence

Plato and Being


-sensible world and world of forms


-demiurge takes Oneness and makes it visible in the sensible world


-idea has identity. motion, rest, being, and difference