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33 Cards in this Set
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Founder of the school of skepticism
360-270 The main principle of **** thought is expressed by the word acatalepsia, which connotes the ability to withhold assent from doctrines regarding the truth of things in their own nature; against every statement its contradiction may be advanced with equal justification. Secondly, it is necessary in view of this fact to preserve an attitude of intellectual suspense, or, as Timon expressed it, no assertion can be known to be better than another. Thirdly, these results to life in general, concluding that, since nothing can be known, the only proper attitude is ataraxia, "freedom from worry". ("By suspending judgment, by confining oneself to phenomena or objects as they appear, and by asserting nothing definite as to how they really are, one can escape the perplexities of life and attain an imperturbable peace of mind.") |
pyrrho
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When was the enlightenment era?
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1740-1900 AD
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What is the arguement of "newtonian Mechnism"? and what lead to it?
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The idea of the unvirese as a great machine? This is Thomas Aquinas argument of design the teleological design?
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What model god did the Deist come up with?
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God is the force or forces that created the universe. This force or god might have gone out of existence long ago.
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When was thomas aquinas alive?
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1224-1274
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What is #1 proof for the existence of god?
"argument of motion" |
"argument of motion"
Everything in the world changes! Aquinas' 'proof' here needs to be set against the background of Aristotle's discussion of astronomy. Aristotle argued that planetary motion, which he believed caused the seasons to change, required an unmoved mover who would maintain the order of things in the midst of this. Therefore, Aquinas used this notion to speak of the sustaining work of God. God made sure the world and the universe remained the same, but was also behind the changes which led to the years passing by without any problem. |
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What is #2 of the Five proofs for the existence of god?
"Arguement From Causation" |
The notion of cause and effect, means you cannot have the latter (effect) without the former (cause - here called an efficient cause, because it is the means of bringing another thing into existence, or causing something to change). For Aquinas (and Aristotle) there cannot be an endless regression of cause and effect, and as such there must be a first cause, which is God.
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What was #3 of "the five proofs for the existence of God"
"Argument From Contigency" |
Things exist, but they could easily not! There was a time before certain things existed, and there will be a time when they no longer exist. There must also have been a time when nothing existed. This means that objects have contingent existence, which means they could or could not exist. For Aquinas, the only thing which has always existed is God (who would therefore have necessary existence). Furthermore, Aquinas saw no way to explain how anything was here, unless something was already in existence prior to it. Thus if God did not exist, nothing else would exist.
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What is #4 of "The Five Proofs for the Existence of God"
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"arguement of induction
We can see in the world degrees of perfection and goodness (i.e. some things are bad, some not so bad, some are better than others etc.). Now for Aquinas, we know things are 'degrees of x' when we compare them to the best in any genus (group of things). Now as humans have the capacity for both good and bad deeds, they cannot be the source of goodness (i.e. the most Good thing). Therefore, the maximum in the genus of morality must be something non-human and not in the world (also not completely good), which leaves us with God as the most perfect being, and the 'first cause' (or source) of all goodness and perfection. |
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What is #5 of "the Five Proofs for the Existence of Gods"
"Argument From Design Teleogical Argument" |
Aquinas' design argument here is basically suggesting that inanimate objects (E.g. Planets), could not have ordered themselves (i.e. got themselves into the orbits they have), because they lack the intelligence to do so. Yet as the planets are aligned so perfectly, this means it must have been done so by a Being with the intelligence to do so. Now although humans are intelligent, they cannot move planets, so that leaves us with God (who Aquinas believed could).
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When Was the Renaissance ?
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1450-1600
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Who is Rene Decartes?
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Descartes was a French Catholic philosopher who rejected the scholasticism in which he had been trained. His chief concern was epistemology: how we know things. Descartes held that reason was the reliable way to know things. External authorities such as Scripture, popes, and theologians could not provide a starting point for knowledge. For this, Descartes would accept only "clear and distinct ideas" which should be as certain and demonstrable as mathematics. To arrive at these ideas, everything must be doubted. The innate idea, an intuition so basic that it could not be denied, was the 'thinking self' and the starting point of Descartes' philosophy: "I think, therefore I am." He reasoned his way from here to a rational proof of God's existence as a being 'greater than which cannot be thought.' Although Descartes was a devout man, his method of radical skepticism challenged traditional religious authority. Descartes' philosophy later informed deism, which sought to reduce religion to a few elemental truths
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When was Rene Descartes Alive?
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1596-1650
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Who is Anselm?
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An Italian who became a monk in Normandy, Anselm became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1098. In this position Anselm clashed with English monarchs over the proper authority of church and state. As a forerunner of scholasticism, Anselm's primary importance for the history of theology is his emphasis on the use of reason to understand revealed truth. Anselm did not aspire to prove articles of belief through the use of the understanding but rather to use reason to understand what he had already accepted by faith. Faith seeking understanding was a leading concept in Anselm's theology. In his Proslogion Anselm advanced the argument that God must indeed exist because God is a being greater than which cannot be thought. Such a being must then, he argued, have the property of existence. In his treatise Why God Human? Anselm maintained that crimes are evaluated according to the nature of the offense and with reference to those against whom they have been committed. In the case of human sin against God, Anselm maintained that it would require a human being to compensate for sins committed by humans, but that such a human being must also be divine in stature in order to atone for the offense of having committed such sins against God. Christ was therefore in his view necessarily human and divine. In both of these cases Anselm in typical Augustinian fashion employs reason to elucidate truths already believed.
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Who is Thomas aquinas?
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A large and taciturn monk whom schoolmates called "the dumb ox," Thomas became one of the most prolific and influential theologians of the middle ages. An inheritor of the Latin Averroists, Thomas pursued his theological work in the context of intense reflection on the works of Aristotle. His works include commentaries on Scripture, on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, and on works of Aristotle. His momentous works were the Summa Contra Gentiles and the Summa Theologica, compendious and summative works on apologetics and doctrinal theology respectively. Thomas's most important contribution to the later development of theology was his construal of the relation of faith and reason. Thomas maintained that some truths are accessible to unaided reason and that other truths are known only through revelation. Philosophy deals with truths known only to reason. Theology treats both truths known through reason and truths known through revelation. This means that reason can prove some truths that are necessary to the order of salvation. On the other hand, Thomas also teaches that all truth necessary to the order of salvation is also made known through revelation. Reason and revelation are thus for Thomas complementary, although revelation imparts truths that cannot be known through reason alone. In the period after his death the theology of Thomas Aquinas inspired both intense admiration and controversy, and Thomist theologians in every subsequent century have expounded themes from his work. In the nineteenth century, Pope Leo XIII enjoined the study of Thomas Aquinas on all Roman Catholic theological students.
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Who is Hobb's
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The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) is best known for his political thought, and deservedly so. His vision of the world is strikingly original and still relevant to contemporary politics. His main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict. He poses stark alternatives: we should give our obedience to an unaccountable sovereign (a person or group empowered to decide every social and political issue). Otherwise what awaits us is a ‘state of nature’ that closely resembles civil war – a situation of universal insecurity, where all have reason to fear violent death and where rewarding human cooperation is all but impossible. One controversy has dominated interpretations of Hobbes. Does he see human beings as purely self-interested? Several passages support such a reading, leading some to think that his political conclusions can be avoided if we adopt a more realistic picture of human nature. However, most scholars now accept that Hobbes himself had a much more complex view of human motivation. A major theme below will be why the problems he poses cannot be avoided simply by taking a less ‘selfish’ view of human nature.
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Age of Reason
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applied to everything
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No authority can surpress freedom of thought on anything
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Free thinkers
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Mechanistic philosophy
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Industrial revolution
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No affiliation with any religion: all texts were written by humans =including the bible
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secular humanism
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Noble Savages
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Discovery of the Pacific Island cultures
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Who is 'Voltaire"
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In his philosophy, based on skepticism and rationalism, he was indebted to Locke as well as to Montaigne and Bayle. Despite Voltaire's passion for clarity and reason, he frequently contradicted himself. Thus he would maintain in one place that man's nature was as unchangeable as that of animals and would express elsewhere his belief in progress and the gradual humanization of society through the action of the arts, sciences, and commerce. In politics he advocated reform but had a horror of the ignorance and potential fanaticism of people and the violence of revolution.
In religion Voltaire felt that Christianity was a good thing for chambermaids and tailors to believe in, but for the use of the elite he advocated a simple deism. He opposed the atheism and materialism of Helvétius and Holbach. His line, “If God did not exist, he would have to be invented,” has become proverbial. His celebrated slogan, Écrasez l'infâme! [crush the infamous thing!], has been interpreted as addressed either against the church or against the ancien régime in general. Voltaire's influence in the popularization of the science and philosophy of his age was incalculably great. Perhaps his most lasting and original intellectual contribution was made in the field of history. His Siècle de Louis XIV (1751) embodies in part the ideas of his historical masterpiece, Essai sur l'histoire générale et sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations (7 vol., 1756; tr. 1759), the first attempt at writing a history of the world as a whole; Voltaire laid as much emphasis on culture and commerce as on politics and war, and he avoided national parochialism. Sections in this article: |
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When was "voltaire' alive
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1694-1778
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The **** were a group of philosophers whose main idea was that we can't really know anything for certain about the world around us, or about ourselves. Therefore, we can't really ever know what is right or wrong, either. Some of these ideas came from Socrates, who also thought that the wisest man is the one who realizes that he doesn’t know anything, but Skepticism really began with Pyrrhon (about 365-270 B.C.) and was continued by Pyrrhon's student Timon (about 320-230 B.C.).
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Skeptics
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When did Jean Jac Rousseau live
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1712 -1778
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The **** was a time of rebirth and massive cultural upheaval. Artists of all kinds in western Europe became more aware of the classical past and the world beyond the narrow confines of medieval theology. Music was nonetheless influenced by the general receptivity to new ideas.
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Renaissance
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Renaissance Era
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1450-1600
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Cogito Ergo Sum
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I think therefore I am
Rene Descartes |
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Contrary to some interpretations, Descartes did not argue that thinking in and of itself leads to existence. Rather, he is saying that the presence of thought would be impossible without existence. In other words, a thing can still exist without thinking. But thought necessitates the existence of a thing. Thought may not be necessary for existence, but it proves existence.
This understanding of thought’s correlation to existence is the basis of the ontological argument for God. For Descartes took his principle of thought=existence one step further. By doing so, he provided one of the most thought-provoking (no pun intended) yet misunderstood arguments for the existence of God in human history. In Meditations, Descartes endorses the idea that “from the simple fact that I can draw from my thought the idea of anything it follows that all that I recognize clearly and distinctly to pertain to this thing pertains to it in reality…” In other words, it would not be possible to think of something that does not, in some form, exist. Read more: http://protestantism.suite101.com/article.cfm/descartes_and_the_concept_of_god#ixzz0FM1tjcUW&B |
Rene Descartes concept of god
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Acien Regime
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The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789.
pl. an·ciens ré·gimes (äN-syăN' rā-zhēm'). A sociopolitical or other system that no longer exists. |
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What is the purpose of the state.
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To protect us from each other and sercurity
Hobbs |
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Rebirth of the classical greek & Rome period
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Renaissance
1450-1600 |
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Medeival philosophers who were related with a monastic order.Who attempted to prove god on resonable grounds along.
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scholistics
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