Philosophy 210: Midterm 1

Front 1

3 modes of Persuasion

Back 1

Ethos- appeal to physical characteristics or appeals

Pathos- emotions

Logos- rational, reasoning

Front 2

Deductive

Back 2

demonstrates or establishes the conclusion

Front 3

Inductive

Back 3

supports its conclusion w/0 demonstrating it

Front 4

Balance of Considerations

Back 4

arguments that involve comparing multiple reasons for or against a pre mist with each other

Front 5

Inference to the best explanation (IBE)

Back 5

Specificially forms of inductive argument in which conclusion whatever is the best reason for the argument ( main premise)

Front 6

Inherent Credibility

Back 6

a claim lacks credibility to the extent that it conflicts with what we observed or what we think our background information, or other credible claims

Front 7

Influence of the media

Back 7

1. emphasizing or downplaying

2. cherry picking: data, stories, sources, experts,

3. biased investigation focus

4. biased credibility criteria: changing credibility requirements

5. Biased argumentative and interpretive focus and critical analysis

Front 8

Rhetoric

Back 8

aims at persuading someone to believe something

Front 9

Logic

Back 9

aims a showing something by rational argument

Front 10

rhetorical force

Back 10

an expression is its ability or power to express and elicit emotional and other physiological responses

Front 11

7 rhetorical strategies

Back 11

1. euphemism & dyshemism

2. weaseling

3. down playing

4. stereotypes

5. loaded questions

6. innuendo

7. Hyperbole

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euphemism & dyshemism

Back 12

euphemism: neutral or positive expression used in place of one that carries negative conatations

dyshemism: negative expression use in place of a positive to produce negative attitudes toward something

Front 13

weaseling

Back 13

use of words to help protect a statement from weakening it where hoping the audience will not notice that the statement is weakened

Front 14

down playing

Back 14

use of an expression in a manor that diminishes the significance or importance of someone or something

Front 15

stereotypes

Back 15

cultural beliefs about social groups attributes that are often completely false or extremely exaggerated

Front 16

loaded questions

Back 16

imply a claim often controversial, is true by asking a question that presupposes a claim

Front 17

innuendo

Back 17

a speaker says x and wants you to believe y:

exploit the face that we often conclude from x and y

Front 18

Hyperbole

Back 18

exaggerated claim can persuade you of the claim that is exaggerated or another claim that is related to the exaggerated claim

Front 19

fallacy

Back 19

an argument that does not support or prove the claim that it is suppose to prove

Front 20

The Adhominem

Back 20

rejecting a persons claim or position by attack that person

Front 21

types of adhominems

Back 21

1. inconsistency

2. questioning of motivation

3. personal attack

4. refuting by association ( guilty by knowing)

Front 22

genetic fallacies

Back 22

aim to show that a belief or a claim is false by trying to undermine the way one came to form the belief or claim: refers to groups rather than to individuals

Front 23

Straw man fallcies

Back 23

attempts to show that the claim is false by misrepresenting it or distorting it

Front 24

line drawing fallacies

Back 24

conclude from the fact that no exact line can be drawn there there is no distinction between two things

Front 25

misplacing the burden of proof

Back 25

assumes that a claim is true, tries to get someone to prove it is true

Front 26

Begging the question

Back 26

trying to support a claim by:

1. offering a reason which is restating or reformulating the claim in question

2. offering a reason that one who questions the claim would naturally question

Front 27

fear and hate mongering

Back 27

use fear and hate to influence opinions and actions of others to an end

Front 28

fostering xenophobia

Back 28

fear of something of phobia over it

Front 29

perfectionist fallacy

Back 29

excepting something only if it is considered perfect or not excepting it at all

Front 30

ridicule

Back 30

the subjection of someone or something to contemptuous and dismissive language or behavior

Front 31

otherizing

Back 31

place people outside- view people as things, view as others not like us

Front 32

slanters

Back 32

rhetorical device used to create a positive or negative effect

Front 33

appeal to pop

Back 33

appealing to a claim or making a claim because the majority of people support it

Front 34

unstated premises and conclusions

Back 34

premises and conclusions not obviously stated in the context but can be inferred

Front 35

validity

Back 35

when it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be flase

Front 36

soundness

Back 36

valid and premises must be true