Philosophy 102 (Exam 1)

Front 1

Ad hominem Argument

Back 1

Its an argument that focuses on attacking the person, group of people giving the argument, typically attacking the person. "Joe is a liar"

When not attacking the the source of an argument, ad hominem arguments do not commit the AHF & can often be valuable & legitimate arguments.

Front 2

Legitimate use of Ad hominem

Back 2

Only when attacking someone giving a testimony

Front 3

Ad hominem Fallacy

Back 3

It's the fallacy of rejecting an argument on the basis of the source of the argument

Front 4

Appeal to Authority

Back 4

Is legitimate if the following are true:
1. The Authority is an expert in the field.
2. The Authority must express a consensus view.

Front 5

Fallacy

Back 5

It's a common mistake of reasoning.

Front 6

Dilema

Back 6

Face w/ 2 alternatives which neither of them you like, but you have to choose one.

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False Dilema

Back 7

A fallacious argument which claims that there are fewer alternatives than actually exist.

Front 8

Appealing to Ignorance

Back 8

A fallacious argument that shifts the burden/weight of proof from the person making a claim or assertion by asserting that the claim should be believed because no one has been able to prove it false

Front 9

Begging the Question

Back 9

Arguing in a circle; That is, the fallacy of assuming the conclusion as one of the reasons for itself.

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Premise

Back 10

In an argument, a statement that supports or provides justification for the conclusion

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Conclusion

Back 11

What an argument aims at proving; the statement that is supposedly proved by the premises of an argument.

Front 12

Fallacy of Irrelevant Reason
(Knows as Red-Herring Fallacy)

Back 12

An argument that uses premises that have no bearing on the conclusion, but only distract from the real issue.

Front 13

Straw-Man Fallacy
(often used by politicians)

Back 13

The fallacy of distorting, exaggerating or misrepresenting an opponent’s position or argument in order to make it easier to attack.

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Valid Argument

Back 14

An argument in which if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.

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Cosmological Argument

Back 15

An argument for the existence of God, based on the claim that the very existence of the universe requires something that brought it into existence, since it could not have come into existence without a cause; and that ultimate cause is God.

Argues that the world has a first cause.

Front 16

Design Argument
(Also called Teleological Argument)

Back 16

An argument for the existence of God, based on the claim that observation of the world shows evidence that it was created by an intelligent and purposeful Designer, and only God could carry such a design

Front 17

Pascal’s Wager

Back 17

An argument for belief of the existence of God based on Pascal’s claim that we have more to gain by believing, so belief is a "better bet."

Front 18

Problem of Evil

Back 18

A problem that confronts believers in an omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent God. If God has the power & wisdom to stop suffering and prevent evil, then how can God be consider kind and benevolent if He allows these to exist?

Front 19

Fallacy of Equivocation

Back 19

To give equal voice

Front 20

Evaluating an argument.
(If sound deductive)

Back 20

1. Make substitution key
2. Is it valid? Create a schema!
3. State name of the valid form used
4. Are the premises true?
5. has a fallacy been commited

Front 21

Evaluating an argument.
(If inductive argument)

Back 21

1. Make substitution key
2. Is it valid? Create a schema!
3. Determine whether the argument is inductively cogent.
4. determine whether the premises are true.
5. determine whether a fallacy has been commited.

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Deductive Soundness

Back 22

If the argument has a valid form, the premises are true, and no fallacy has been committed, then the truth of the conclusion can be logically deduced from the premises. If argument is deductively sound, the conclusion must be true.

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Inductive Soundness

Back 23

If the argument does not have a valid form, but is cogent, the premises are true and no fallacy has been committed, then the argument is inductively sound. If argument is inductively sound, the conclusion is most probably true.