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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the modern definition of Philosophy?
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Critical reflection regarding various issues
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What concept greatly affected Socrates and Plato's philosophy?
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concept that the world is made up of a dynamic equilibrium
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What root does the world logic derive itself from?
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Greek word Logos
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What does Logic mean?
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– Means due proportion, fire, account
– the rational principle that governs and develops the universe – all arguments are based on logic – must include premises leading to a conclusion – forms a deductive argument -- (Particular method of reasoning) – Relies on inference |
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What is a proposition?
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– Statements
– Include premises and conclusion – Can be proved true or false (at some point) – Referral to something outside itself – Truth value |
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Define Truth Value.
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the truth or falsehood of a proposition
Refers to something other than themselves • Ex. There is a waterfall outside this classroom |
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♣ What are the 3 Basic laws of Thought?
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1. Principle of Identity
2. Principle of Non Contradiction 3. Principle of the Excluded Mean |
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♣ What is the Principle of Identity?
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1. P is materially equivalent to itself [p = (p.p)]
2. Things have integrity 3. Everything has its place 4. Keep to the truth |
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♣ What is the Principle of Non Contradiction?
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Something can be itself and not itself at the same time ~ (p.p)
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What two words is Philosophy derived from?
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Philein → to love
Sophie → wisdom |
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What is the modern definition of Philosophy?
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Critical reflection regarding various issues
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What concept greatly affected Socrates and Plato's philosophy?
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concept that the world is made up of a dynamic equilibrium
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What root does the world logic derive itself from?
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Greek word Logos
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What does Logic mean?
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– Means due proportion, fire, account
– the rational principle that governs and develops the universe – all arguments are based on logic – must include premises leading to a conclusion – forms a deductive argument – Relies on inference |
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What is a proposition?
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– Statements
– Include premises and conclusion – Can be proved true or false (at some point) – Referral to something outside itself – Truth value |
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Define Truth Value.
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the truth or falsehood of a proposition
Refers to something other than themselves • Ex. There is a waterfall outside this classroom |
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♣ What are the 3 Basic laws of Thought?
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1. Principle of Identity
2. Principle of Non Contradiction 3. Principle of the Excluded Mean |
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♣ What is the Principle of Identity?
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1. P is materially equivalent to itself [p = (p.p)]
2. Things have integrity 3. Everything has its place 4. Keep to the truth |
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♣ What is the Principle of Non Contradiction?
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Something can be itself and not itself at the same time ~ (p.p)
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♣ What is the Principle of the Excluded Mean?
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Something is either happening or not happening (pv ~ p)
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What root does the world epistemology derive itself from?
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Greek word Episteme meaning knowledge and science
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What is Epistemology?
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– a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge
– Studies theories of knowledge – Focuses on truth, belief, justification - KNOWLEDGE |
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What questions does Epistemology ask?
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• What is knowledge?
• How is knowledge acquired? • What do people know? • How do we know what we know? |
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What is Epistemology also known as?
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the Justified True Belief Account of Knowledge
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♣ What is the Justified True Belief Account of Knowledge?
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Ex. If I say that I know that 'P' is true, I intend to hold that:
1. 'P' is true 2. I believe (am convinced) that 'P' is true 3. I am justified in believing 'P' is true (or my belief in 'P' is justified) |
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♣ What is Justified Mean?
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one definition of knowledge that states for someone to have knowledge of something, it must be true, it must be believed to be true, and the belief must be justified
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What roots is Metaphysics derived from?
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Metá - beyond or after
Physiká - physical means after physics |
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What is Metaphysics?
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– The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value.
– Studies general speculative world views |
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♣ What concepts does Metaphysics cover?
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• Substance
• Causation • Permanence vs. Change • Appearance vs. Reality • Questions about Soul (is it immortal?) • Free will vs. Determined • God |
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What roots is Ethics derived from?
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– From Greek word Ethiké or Moralis
– Aka moral philosophy – From Latin word Ethos focuses on the reputation of the author |
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What is Ethics?
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– Branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality – that is, concepts such as good and bad, noble and ignoble, right and wrong, justice and virtue
– It is the science of conduct – Deals with etiquette – Formed from philosophies of the Greco-Romans |
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♣ What is Meta-ethics?
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• Looks to the definition of terms
• Judges soundness of [stated] theories • Focuses on study of Ethics |
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What questions does Meta-ethics ask?
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1. What is the meaning of moral terms or judgments?
2. What is the nature of moral judgments? 3. How may moral judgments be supported or defended? |
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♣ What are the 2 types of People that make up Meta-ethics?
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1. Moral Realist
2. Moral Anti-Realist |
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♣ What is a Moral Realist? What do they believe?
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• Moral properties exist independently of the human mind
• Moral virtues exist independently |
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♣ What are the Moral Properties or Virtues Moral Realists believe?
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Charity
Justice Temperance Courage |
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♣ 3 types of Moral Realists?
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1. Naturalist
2. Institutionist 3. Metaphysical Moralist |
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What is a naturalist?
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o Natural facts and properties constitutes moral depravity
o Def: Hold all moral properties as being natural properties in a certain arrangement o Ex. Aristotle |
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What is a Metaphysical moralist?
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o There are moral properties that exist within a human mind but exist in transcendence
o Ex. Plato and Socrates |
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♣ What are Moral Realists also known as?
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Moral Cognitivist
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♣ What is a moral Cognitivist?
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• Believe one either has or can come to possess moral knowledge
• Believe charity and justice are necessary |
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♣ What is a Moral Anti - Realist? What do they believe?
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• Moral properties do not exist independent of the moral mind
• Must state where one stands • There are no such things such as moral properties = they do not exist |
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♣ What are Moral Anti-Realists also known as?
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Moral non-Cognitivist
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♣ What is a moral Non- Cognitivist?
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• Believe charity and justice were made up for people to use it to their advantage
• (cannot attain knowledge) o Ex. The Republic (which is a Platonic Dialogue) o Thrasymachus (Sophist) |
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♣ What are the Branches of Ethics?
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Meta-Ethics
Value Theory Contract Theory Normative Ethics Applied/ Practical Ethics |
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♣ What is the Value Theory?
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1. focuses on understanding how, why, and to what degree humans should value things, whether the thing is a person, idea, object, or anything else
- SPECIFICALLY ON inner person |
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♣ What does the Value theory seek to understand?
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Good vs. Evil
The concept of good |
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♣ What questions does the Value Theory ask?
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What sort of person [should] ought I be? (in reference to soul)
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♣ What does the Value Theory focus on?
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Heart
Mind Soul |
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♣ From what root is virtue derived from?
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Greek word arete
meaning excellence |
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♣ What does Virtue focus on?
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• Focuses on excellent exercise of the heart, mind, soul in turn exercising wisdom
• Moral excellence, goodness, righteousness |
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♣ What are the 7 Cardinal Virtues?
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• Wisdom
• Courage • Temperance/ Self- Mastery • Justice • Faith • Hope • Charity |
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♣ What is the Contract Theory?
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• Discusses what causes people to come together and live within the confines of a society
• implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law |
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♣ What is the contention within the Contract theory?
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• Humans may or may not get along without rules
• Humans are rational and self-interested |
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♣What is Normative Ethics?
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• investigates the set of questions that arise when we think about the question "how ought one act, morally speaking?"
• examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions • Prescriptive (dictatorial ), rather than descriptive • Final analysis refers back to the Value Theory Question (What sort of person ought I be?) |
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♣ What types of questions does Normative Ethics ask?
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• What should I do according to what's right and what's wrong?
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♣ What is Applied Practical Ethics?
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• is "the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment"
• a term used to describe attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. |
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♣ FEATURES OF A PLATONIC DIALOGUE
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1. No formal beginning or ending
2. Participants choose and shape dialogue 3. Participants engage in friendly conversation 4. Gods must be mentioned (believed to keep the speakers humble [reminds them there is a higher power]) 5. Metaphorical language must be used 6. Led by a mentor or seer 7. Real, unplanned conversation |
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Who was Socrates?
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• A Classical Greek Philosopher
• Credited as a founder of Western Philosophy • Poor • Considered to be ugly • Believed himself to be like a midwife because he was bringing new ideas to the world • Most renown for his contribution to the field of ethics |
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What did Socrates Create?
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Socratic Method
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What is the Socratic Method?
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a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking
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What was Socrates originally?
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a sculptor (1st trade), but he was very poor at that job
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What did Socrates love?
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knowledge and wisdom
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What type of relationship did Socrates feel he had to the Athenians?
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older brother
or uncle |
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What is Socrates (moral.....)
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Moral Realist
Moral Cognitivist |
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What were Socrates discussions meant to better?
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himself and others
[focus on discovering universal truth] |
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According to the Gods at Delphi Socrates was the ...
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wisest man in Athens
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How did Socrates prove he was the wisest man
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series of questions that were aimed at politicians and poets
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Why was Socrates the wisest man?
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because he knew that he didnt know anything at all
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Describe the Oracle of Delphi
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1. Dedicated to Apollo
2. Priestesses were aka Pythian priestesses 3. People came from everywhere to ask for wisdom or prophecies 4. Natural gases caused visions |
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What type of God did Socrates believe in
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1 God
Demi-Urge |
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♣ What is a Demi-Urge?
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• Aka God
• Coexisted in a chaotic state with: Forms – elde (perfect forms of heaven) Matter – hyle • Eternal and never created • Exist in perfect harmony |
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What are the Perfect Forms of Heaven?
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I. Dogmas
II. Oneness III. Treeness IV. Penness V. Justice VI. Etc. |
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What does Demi Urge create a copy of?
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the form world Soul
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What is the Doctrine of Recollection?
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1. knowledge is innate, so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul
• Plato believed that each soul existed before birth with "The Form of the Good" and a perfect knowledge of everything • Thus, when something is "learned" it is actually just "recalled." |
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Describe the Assembly of Greece.
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• Constructed of males
• Particular age • Particular class • Had the ability to change a law by universal agreement • Democratic • Can have anywhere from 300-1000 people in attendance |
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Who were the Sophists?
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• Sophist means wise man
• category of teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching areté— excellence, or virtue — predominately to young statesmen and nobility for government positions • Able to teach anything • Moral Anti-Realists • Moral non-Cognitivists • Teachings varied upon location • Ex. Laws will change from city to city and the sophists would teach the laws of that city to their fellow discussioners |
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What root does Sophist derive itself from?
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sophizo or sophie meaning I am wise or wisdom
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What were the Sophists? (moral...)
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Moral Anti-Realists
Moral non-Cognivitists |
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Who was plato?
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• Classical Greek Philosopher
• Mathematician • Writer of philosophical dialogues • Founder of Academy in Athens – first institution of higher learning in the Western World • Student of Socrates • Teacher of Aristotle • Wrote down Socrates dialogues and discussions • The Republic = Platonic Dialogue |
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What root does Plato derive his name from
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From Greek word Plátōn meaning broad
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What's Plato's most famous work?
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The Republic Dialogue
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♣ Where did the discussion of Justice in The Republic Dialogue occur?
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on Socrates way home
Socrates was in Pyreus and happened to get caught in a festival This specific dialogue occurred in Cephalus' house |
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What was the name of the goddess the festival was in honor of that caused Socrates to get caught in Pyreus?
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feast day in honor of Bendis (Goddess of the Moon)
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What question does Socrates ask Cephalus?
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Socrates comments on Cephalus' old age and asks why Cephalus is so happy
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What was Cephalus' response to Socrates question?
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he is happy because he lived a just life
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what is the Greek word for happiness?
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Eudaimonia - spirit, well being
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Describe the conversation between Socrates and Cephalus
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1. Socrates comments on Cephalus' old age
2. Socrates asks why Cephalus is so happy 3. Cephalus responds that he is happy because he lived a just life 4. Socrates asks What Constitutes Justice? Discussion takes off from here |
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Who is Cephalus?
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• older man
• a wealthy • retired merchant • Admired by Socrates • Cephalus and Socrates initiate the dialogue, which begins with a casual friendly conversation • Cephalus' significance in the dialogue is that he exemplifies the seasoned experienced man who, though not a philosopher, has tried to live the good life and to adopt the virtues he has heard about • Lived a life of eudaimonia (happiness) |
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Polemarchus
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• Cephalus' son
• a teacher of rhetoric • name means "war-lord" or "general" |
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Who is Thrasymachus?
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• a teacher of argument
• Sophist • moral anti-realist • moral non-cognitivist • considers himself to be an elitist • name means "rash fighter" • Socrates seems particularly eager to engage Thrasymachus' arguments in the dialogue, and the two nearly reduce a philosophical dialogue to a petty quarrel |
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Who is Glaucon?
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• Plato's elder half brother
• name means "owl" or "gleaming eyes" |
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Who is Adeimantus?
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• Plato's elder half brother
• name means "sooth-singer" • something of a poet. |
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Give the Definition of Justice of each person not including Socrates
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1. [Cephalus] Giving everyone their due
2. [Polemarchus] Giving everyone their due and that which is appropriate to them and no more 3. [Polemarchus] Giving everyone their due and that which is appropriate to them and no more and doing good to your friends and evil to your enemies 4. [Thrasymachus] Justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger (what is in the interest of the strongest party) 5. [Thrasymachus] Justice is what is in the best interest of the strongest party; weaker must obey rule(r)s (p 31) 6. [Thrasymachus] Justice is in the interest of a stronger ruling party when he is not in error –7. [Thrasymachus] injustice allows one to be smarter, stronger, and happier |
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Why does Thrasymachus hate Socrates?
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– Socrates was a rebel (believed men and women were equal)
– Socrates made him look like a fool – Mentor was Diotima (Woman) – Socrates thinks he is like his mother (midwife) – Jealous – wanted to be the one to have great ideas like Socrates – Moral realist and moral cognitivist (Socrates) vs. moral anti-realist and moral anti-cognivitist (Thrasymachus) -- Socrates is only capable of asking questions instead of answering them |
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Who was Socrates Teacher?
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Old Woman Diotima
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Who was Plato's Teacher?
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Socrates
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Who was Aristotle's Teacher?
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Plato
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What was the example Socrates used to refute Polemarchus definition of justice?
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'what if a friend in a reasonable state of mind were to lend you a sword or a knife and later, in a crazed state, should ask for the repayment of the debt? Ought one to remind a friend who is in a crazed state that he is mad, and ought one to return a sword to a crazy person? The answer is plain: No.'
This led him to conclude: Socrates concludes that telling the truth and paying one's debts is not necessarily always just AND we may do good to bad men and harm to good men, and surely this is not the achievement of justice |
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♣ What were the steps of Socrates' and Thrasymachus' argument?
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[T1] → Justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger (what is in the interest of the strongest party)
[S1] → What do you mean by stronger? Physically, Mentally? [T2] → Justice is what is in the best interest of the strongest party; weaker must obey rule(r)s (p 31) [S2] →(p31) But aren't rulers liable to make mistakes → subjects could follow laws that are disadvantageous to the ruler [T3] → Justice is in the interest of a stronger ruling party when he is not in error [S3] → Do the interests of the ruler lie with himself or with the weaker party? [T4] → justice is really the good of another; a just man always gets less than a just man (p 34); if you want to be happy you have to be injust; injustice is stronger, freer, and more masterly than justice (p 35); considers unjust people to be more intelligent and good (p 35); [injustice allows one to be smarter, stronger, happier] (INJUSTICE IS POWERFUL) [S4] → Just person = good and wise Unjust person = bad and ignorant • Civil war insides oneself occurs from being unjust • Does injustice lose its power to cause dissention when it arises within a single individual or will it preserve it intact? • Peter's Principle |
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♣ What is the Peter's Principle?
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--Principal that "in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence."
–Created by Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull in their 1969 book The Peter Principle –It holds that in a hierarchy, members are promoted so long as they work competently. Sooner or later they are promoted to a position at which they are no longer competent (their "level of incompetence"), and there they remain, being unable to earn further promotions |
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What is an illegitimate shift in meaning and who uses it?
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• Word from 20th Century J. L. Austin
• Everyone knows the definition of a job/ position/ person • the definition of words are changed by a speaker to benefit their argument • def: an already established meaning of a term and illegitimately attach another meaning to the term without discussion THRASYMACHUS |
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What is an ad hominem attack?
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•From latin word argumentum ad hominem meaning "to the man"
•an attempt to persuade which links the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise •focuses on logical fallacy |
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Why does Socrates continue to discuss the topic of justice with Thrasymachus?
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– Everyone at the dinner party have all seen justice at some point in their lives
– If Thrasymachus does not remember the Form of justice then he is liable to teach corrupt thoughts to society and himself – Socrates was aiming to remember the Form of justice |
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Refer to the Doctrine of Recollection Diagram
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page 14 in my notes
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♣ What is Form?
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–Where one resides if they live a virtuous life
–Shows justice, charity, etc –If you fail to live justly you will be reborn (Socrates) •Similar to Hindu concept of rebirth –Most concerned with justice |
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Explain the word Dialectic
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–Method of collection and division
–Take apart an argument at its joints and put it back together (think stasis map) --Method of Dialogue |
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Refer to the Dialectic diagram
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page 15 in my notes
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♣ What is Ergon?
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•The proper work or function of a thing (specifically the soul)
•You should function excellently (arête or virtuously) (MORAL) •Focuses on moral properties •Civil war – focused on parts of the soul |
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♣ What are the 3 parts of the Soul? IN ORDER
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1. Reason
2. Thymos 3. Passions |
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♣ What part of the body is Reason located in? what is its virtue?
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Head
Provides Wisdom |
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♣ What part of the body is Thymos located in? what is its virtue?
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Heart
Provides courage |
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♣ What part of the body is Passions located in? What is its virtue?
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Gut
Temperance |
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♣ Describe Reason
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–In the head
–If reason functions excellently (arête) then we are wise to that extent –Refer back to 7 cardinal virtues –Active –Where our individual/ unique talents lie ♦ If we exercise wisdom to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent Responsible for: - love of learning - spirited - animated |
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♣ Describe Thymos
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–Means spirit/ will
–In heart –If thymos functions excellently the we are courageous –Can help reason master passion ♦ If we exercise courage to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent Responsible for: - anger |
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♣ Describe Passions
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–Aka Passive
–If passion functions excellently then we are temperate –From greek word Pathe meaning the irrational movements of the soul -- irrational movements of the soul ♦ If we exercise temperance to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent Responsible for: - desire |
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♣ When Wisdom, Courage, and Temperance are mixed, what is created?
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moral
- excellence - property - virtue |
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♣ What makes up Justice? (3 parts of the soul)
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Reason
Thymos Passions |
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♣ What is Justice (final definition)
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- harmonious relationship between the three parts of the soul
- souls virtue allowing him to live well and be happy (eudaimnonia) – Not concerned with someone's doing his own externally, but what's inside him, with what is truly himself and his own - in other words this does not focus on the outside of a persons being (face point value) but instead on their heart - you must read a book before knowing whether or not it is good – everything is focused around you you must live excellently learn to take responsibility if something occurs (blame lies upon you) everything is controlled by you – present, and future acts and decisions (final analysis) – do not allow the parts of the soul to meddle in other parts let each part do its part and only its part so everything functions like a well oiled clock – rules himself – Is his own friend – Harmonizes the 3 parts of the soul and binds them together to become whole – Any action that deharmonizes the soul is unjust and ignorant |
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What is Human Being Qua?
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–What is a peculiar attribute to you as a human being
–To determine this one must look at soul –Focuses on inner life of human being –Literally translates as an 'excellent specimen of their kind' –Eragon |
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Refer to Human Being Qua diagram
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refer to page 17 of my notes
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Why does Socrates remain humble?
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– He is unafraid to say 'I have not done the job'
– Claims he was like a glutton – Claims he knows what justice isn't – Seeks to determine what justice is – Wants to convince other that being just is far better than being unjust |
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♣ What are the 4 parts of Justice?
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1. Happy
2. Virtuous 3. Not corrupt others 4. Prevent rebirth If someone discredits your happiness you should not care for it does not matter (p 51) |
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What things did Thrasymachus believe would make him happy?
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• Work
• Money • Life in another community |
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Refer to page 20 for references and book notes
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Refer to page 20 for references and book notes
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♣ What is virtue the knowledge of?
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the Forms (eide)
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♣ What is vice the ignorance of?
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the forms
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Explain the Analogy of the Sun.
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– What is it that [Socrates] means by good? And how do we attain that knowledge?
– 3 things needed to see: Sun/ light reflects off object Provides life nourishing Object Eye Just as the sun makes physical objects visible to the eye so to the form of the good makes intelligible entities (the Form) comprehensible by the mind. • he good allows the mind to comprehend the forms |
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Refer to Sun diagrams
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page 21 in my notes
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Refer to the concept of the divided line diagram
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page 21- 22 in my notes
pay careful attention to the bulleted stars |
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Refer to the allegory of the cave diagram
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refer to page 23 in my notes for diagram
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What is the allegory of the cave?
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• Opens with prisoners chained in an underground cave
• All the prisoners can see is the wall in front of them • On that wall shadows appear • The prison guards make fun of the prisoners and mislead them – tell lies to them • One day a prisoner escapes • Prisoner sees cause of shadows and the light • Prisoner makes his way out of the cave • At first the prisoner is blinded by the light • Then he eventually is able to see • He obtains true knowledge • He decides to return to the cave and reveal the truth to the prisoners • The prisoners disbelieve him because all they know is a world of darkness • The prisoners then want to kill him because he has destroyed their perception of the world |
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Why does Socrates say Philosophers will not stay on the surface but instead return to the cave?
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Philosophers do not stay on the surface but instead they go back into the cave, where he stumbles around because he is very unsure, and begins to talk in the language of the people, not fancy language, and the prisoners want to kill the philosopher because he has destroyed their world view (p 57)
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What two things can the eyes be fooled by?
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- light to dark
- dark to light |
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Review the notes you took on the story of the jumping mouse
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there may be a compare an contrast essay between the Jumping Mouse and the Allegory of the Cave.
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