Philosophy

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according to our definition of argument an argument is

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a set of statements

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the second step of the philosophical method is

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generating all the possible answers to the question

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every argument has

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a conclusion

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a statement as we will use the term is

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a sentence with a truth value

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there are just two ways an argument may fail. one way an argument may fail is having

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premises that do not support the conclusion

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if a statement that is part of an argument is not the arguments conclusion then it is

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a premise

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which of the following sentences has a truth-value?

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its Monday
put down that otter
is c the correct answer?
please do not smoke
oh boy

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its Monday

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in the paraphrase of an argument the premises are

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numbered

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according to our definition of an argument ever argument

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has a conclusion

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crito was a _______ of socrates

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friend

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at the time of his discussion with crito Socrates was

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an old man

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the dialogue between Socrates and crito takes place in

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Athens

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according to Socrates

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it is always wrong to fail to fulfill your obligations

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crito attempts to convince Socrates to

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excape from prison

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according to john stuirt mill if an action is morally wrong

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the action will cause more unhappiness than happiness

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according to mills version of utilitarianism your happieness should be

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given the same weight as the happiness of a stranger.

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mill argues that actions are right and wrong based on how much happieness or pleasure they produce because

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happiness is the only thing that is intrinsically good.

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according to john stuirt mill every person in fact acts so as to

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make him or herself happy

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on john stuirt mills version of utilitantism

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every person's happiness in theory can be measured.

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the dialogue named crito was written by

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plato

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during his discussion with crito, Socrates images ______ blocking his path as he attempts to excape from prison.

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the laws

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at the end of the discussion between crito and Socrates

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Socrates remain in the cell to await execution

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the laws of Athens suggest that Socrates entered into a tacit agreement with Athens because

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Socrates could have left Athens but he choose to stay

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at the beggining of their discussion

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crito worries about what people with think of him is Socrates does not excape.

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john Stuart mill argues that the sole purpose of government is to

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keep citizens from harming each other.

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the prinsible of harm does not apply to

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children, nations in there nonage

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john Stuart mill identifies what as a region of human liberty

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inward domain of consciousness

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john mill wrote the harm principle in

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england in the 19th centery

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Judith thomsons essay a defense of aboration is written and published in

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1971

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in Thomsons defence of abortion she argues that

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abortion is sometimes mortally permissible

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according to Thomson one is not

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obligated to stay attached even tho separating would mean his death

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thomson does not believe that

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a fetus is a human being from the moment of conception

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according to john Stuart mill the expression of eccentric beliefs should be

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allowed even if we are nearly certain that the beliefs are false

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according to mills principle of harm the state may

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interfere in the lives of citizens only to prevent harm to others

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very young children are exempt from the harm principle becuaue

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they cannot reason

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mill believed that allowing the open and free discussion of diverse ideas even ideas many others might regard as clearly false

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increase liberty and thus making everyone happier overall

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in the course of the late 16th and early 17th centery the aristoltelian worldview was

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rejected

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according to Aristotle

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the universe is finite and everything moves around the venter of the universe.

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_____ was one of the catholic thinkers who modified the Aristotelian worldview in the 13 century.

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st Thomas Aquinas

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the Aristotelian worldview was adaptoed to Christianity in the

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13th century

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at the beginning of the scientific revolution

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the airstolelian worldview was embraced throughout Europe

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according to Aristotle the _______ is the realm of imperfection.

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sublunary sphere

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Aquinas offers exactly _______ proofs of _______.

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five, gods existrance

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which of the following is not the name of an argument offered by st Thomas in the Reading

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the argument from governance of the world.
the argument from possibility and necessity.
the argument from nature of efficient cause.
the argument from reason.
the argument from motion.

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the argument from reason

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on the Christianized Aristotelian worldview hell is

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the point furthest from god

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which of the following is a premise of Aquinas argument from motion

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some things are in motion

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according to the uniformity of nature

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like causes have like effects over time

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Hume argues about nature that

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we cannot prove that nature is uniform

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Hume asserst that relations if ideas may be established

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a priori

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according to Hume we cannot establish the uniformity of nature inductively because

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every inductive argument requires the uniformity of nature

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Hume would offer the proposition that no triangles have four sides as an example of

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relation of ideas

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Hume argues that we cannot establish the uniformity of nature deductively because

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the uniformity of nature is a matter of fact not a relation of ideas

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which if the following does hume use as and example in the excerpt an enquiry concerning human understanding

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the motion of one billiard ball after it was struck by another

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in vain Hume writes do you pretend to have learned the nature of bodies from your

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past experience

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according to Hume all knowledge of relations of ideas is established by

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deductive arguments

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according to hume

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we have no reason to believe the sun will rise tomorrow

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the diaolage concerning natural religion was written by

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David Hume and published after his death

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natural religion is the idea that

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in studying the natural world we study god

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in the dialogues conceringing natural religion demea represents

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st Thomas Aquinas

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accoudring to Copernicus the earth

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orbits the sun

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by the start of the 18th century ce

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it was widely believed that the sun orbited the earth

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Galileo obserbed ______ through a ________ and argued that what he observed showed that Aristotle was wrong

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moon, telescope

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who amount humes time argued against aristolean worldview

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Galileo Galilei

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cleathes emphasizes that the teleological argument is an _________ argument.

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a posteriori

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on the copernican worldview god is

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omnipresent

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the teleogical argument for gods existence assets that

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the fact that the universe is well designed is evidence for gods exsistance.

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in the meditations Rene descartes defense

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theism

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Descartes method of doubt requires Descartes to

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elimate all beliefs that are dubatial

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the single belif that survives Descartes application of the method of doubt is the belief that

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he exsists

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according to Descartes dreaming argument

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Descartes cannot trust his senses because at any given time he might be dreaming

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which belif does Descartes identify as the foundation of all if his knowledge?

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I am

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skepticism is the view that

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we have no knowledge

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according to Rene Descartes the belief that _______ must be necessary wherever you have it.

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I exsist

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john Locke susposes the mind before it has any ideas to be like

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white paper

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john Locke argues that all ideas on us originate from either

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sensation or reflection

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ideas like the ideas of cold, soft, hard or bitter are delivered to out minds according to the author john Locke

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sensation

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the problem of the external world is the problem of determining

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whether our ideas of the external world correspond to objects in the external world

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according to john Locke your idea of god was

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produced by your reflection

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according to the theory of ideas

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thinking is the manipulation and recombination of ideas

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while locke and Descartes disagree about a lot they argree that

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thinking is the manipulation of ideas

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Locke would argue that the idea of bitter comes from

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sensation

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Hume holds that the object of human reasi can be divided into two kinds

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relation of ideas and matters of fact

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Hume holds our knowledge of matters if fact is founded on our knowledge if

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cause and effect

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Hume's says geomatry algebra and arithmetic are examples of

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relation of ideas

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Hume says according to our knowledge of what effect a given cause will have can only come from

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a priori reasoning

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what makes a argument valid.

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if the premises are true the conclusion must be true

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what is syligism

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and argument with two premises

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what is cogent

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premises are true in the actual world

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inductive

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an argument aspires to cogency

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deductive

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if an argument aspirers to validity

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strong argument

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An argument which is cogent and has true premises