Philo Exam 2.22

Front 1

ONTOLOGY

Back 1

study of being; what kind of reality? Objective/subjective

Front 2

EPISTEMOLOGY

Back 2

the study of the nature of knowledge and the justification of belief

Front 3

PROPOSITION

Back 3

claim to truth/claim of truth; a statement that asserts a fact (can be false); ask: is that true? if the question makes sense, then it is a proposition.

Front 4

EMPIRICISM

Back 4

all significant knowledge comes from experience (A’ posteriori)

Front 5

KNOWLEDGE

Back 5

justified true belief

Front 6

DETERMINISM

Back 6

every event in physical universe is the inevitable consequence of prior causes; only one possible outcome

Front 7

INDETERMINISM

Back 7

at least some events in the physical universe are not the inevitable product of prior causes

Front 8

LIBERTARIANISM

Back 8

belief in free will; at any given moment there is more than one possible future

Front 9

SOVEREIGNTY

Front 10

SOLIPSISM

Back 10

only my mind exists and everything else is sense data; but means a car can’t kill you if you walk in front of it

Front 11

PERSON

Back 11

a living human being with the former or potential capacity to engage in acts of intellect, emotion, and will

Front 12

PHENOMENALISM

Front 13

FAITH

Back 13

belief despite the lack of proof (getting on an airplane and believing you’ll arrive safely)

Front 14

LAW OF PARSIMONY

Front 15

OBJECTIVELY REAL

Back 15

real regardless if observed (experienced)

Front 16

SUBJECTIVELY REAL

Back 16

real only if experienced (emotion/feeling/dream)

Front 17

DESCARTE’S “COGITO ERGO SUM”

Back 17

“I think therefore I am”; the “I” must exist in order to doubt, thus the act of doubting demonstrates existence.

Front 18

A’ priori knowledge

Back 18

innate knowledge gained before experiences and triggered by experiences

Front 19

A’ posteriori knowledge

Back 19

knowledge gained through experiences

Front 20

NOUMENA

Back 20

the thing itself; unknowable

Front 21

PHENOMENA

Back 21

our sense experience; all we can know are the phenomena or sensations of noumena

Front 22

Primary qualities

Back 22

if an object exist is must have these properties: shape/fluidity/mass/size/volume/temperature/inertia (corresponds to Kants noumena)

Front 23

Secondary qualities

Back 23

subjective; properties we impose on objects by virtue of our perceptions of them (sound/color/warmth/flavor/fragrance)

Front 24

Sociobiology

Back 24

evolutionary psychology; most our important behaviours have a genetic cause

Front 25

Nature/Nurture

Back 25

nature is supported by biologists and states that our behavior has a genetic basis; nurture is supported by the social sciences and states that our behavior has an environmental basis.

Front 26

Time as subjective

Back 26

The past and the future do not exist, and the present is gone as soon as it is perceived. According to Kant, time does not exist apart from the perceiver. Time is part of the structure of the mind. If consciousness does not exist, then time does not exist. Events would still occur, but not in a particular order. Did time exist before consciousness? We know that things existed before humans. If time is subjective, all events happened together as one event.

Front 27

Time as objective

Back 27

to measure time, it must have matter; movement gives relativity to events

Front 28

IF DETERMINISM IS TRUE, WHAT three things FOLLOW?

Back 28

A. punishment and reward are never deserved (punish a criminal to deter others); B. No morality; C. No human dignity

Front 29

THREE THINGS ENTAILED BY THE CLAIM TO KNOW SOMETHING?

Back 29

1. the proposition must be true (can’t know if it’s not true because to know a proposition, it must be true.); 2. I believe the proposition. (You can’t know something and not believe it because knowledge is justified belief.); 3. I have good reasons to believe that the proposition is true (religion?)

Front 30

PROBLEM OF PERSONAL CONTINUITY?

Back 30

The problem of what identifies personal identity, leads to the problem of personal continuity. If for example the self is defined as the contents of the brain, then the self is constantly changing.

Front 31

Against determinism: if all events in the physical are determined

Back 31

1. even if true, our choices are not events in the physical world 2. quantum mechanics refutes this because events are not determined in the physical in this theory; 3. determinism employs circular reasoning

Front 32

Against determinism: the strongest motive is the one you act on

Back 32

1. if so, determinism is trivial because we always act on the strongest motive (truism); 2. the libertarian states that the strongest motive is whichever we feel most vigorously about thus determinism is false if we act in a way that we censor what we want

Front 33

pre-modern view on determinism?

Back 33

Libertarian (if god exists, and we are morally responsible- free will must exist)

Front 34

modern view of determinism?

Back 34

Determinism supported

Front 35

Common sense realism

Back 35

world is objectively real (exists without perceivers); means what is said to be real must be uniform for all- we are mislead from uniformity by our senses thus we have to create our world with our senses

Front 36

Critical realism

Back 36

the world is partly real composed of subjective and objective (KANT/LOCKE); much of the world is what we create- the underlying noumena is there but is unknowable

Front 37

Locke’s 2 kinds of properties

Back 37

1.primary 2. Secondary

Front 38

Idealism

Back 38

the world is completely subjective and only exists to the point that it is being perceived; ie plato’s allegory of the cave (shadows are the world to those who observe them); (BERKELEY); matter does not exist because we use our senses to describe it- thus no material world, just ideas in minds