Philo. 107 Final!

Front 1

modus ponens

Back 1

if a then b, then a, therefore b: basic syllogism, way of affirming

Front 2

modus tollens

Back 2

if a then b and not b, then not a: way of denying

Front 3

modus ponens/tollens

Back 3

100% valid: rules of correct thinking

Front 4

disjunctive syllogism

Back 4

either/or reasoning: either a or b and not b, therefore a and vice versa

Front 5

hypothetical syllogism

Back 5

2 syllogisms that create togheter create a third: if a then b, if then c, therefore a then c

Front 6

reductio ad absurdum

Back 6

take opponents postion, assume as true, and it leads to absurd things (galnillo and anselm)

Front 7

affirming the consequent

Back 7

if a then b, and b, therefore a; it's invalid

Front 8

denying the antedent

Back 8

if a then b, and not a, therefore not b; invalid

Front 9

validity vs. soundness

Back 9

v: argument where solution follows reasoning; s: valid argument where reasons given are true

Front 10

induction vs. deduction

Back 10

I: moving from particular to general; D: moving from general to particular

Front 11

necessary vs. sufficient

Back 11

n: a prereq for something being the case; s: enough circumstances to bring something about

Front 12

burden of proof

Back 12

burden to provide proof for an argument is on the person who makes the strong claim

Front 13

principle of charity

Back 13

cast best possible light on your opponent's position when arguing against it

Front 14

biconditional

Back 14

if and only if; expresses necessary and sufficient conditions

Front 15

appeal to authority

Back 15

when you use an authority to shut down opponents argument: invalid

Front 16

appeal to emotion

Back 16

abandon reason and persuade thru. fear, compassion, pity: giving up on argument

Front 17

appeal to pop. belief

Back 17

everyone else believes it so you should too

Front 18

appeal to ignorance

Back 18

claim that the lack of an argument against something is same as arg. for it

Front 19

begging question

Back 19

assuming that what you are trying to prove is true: conclusion restates premise

Front 20

false cause

Back 20

argu. attempts to provide reasons making it probable that some conclusion is true

Front 21

straw man

Back 21

misrepresenting a position so that it is easily critiscized and rejected

Front 22

ad hominem

Back 22

attacking the person instead of the argu.

Front 23

false dilemma

Back 23

either you're for me or against me

Front 24

slippery slope

Back 24

if you allow this to happen it will lead to something worse happening

Front 25

hasty generalization

Back 25

decide on decision that doesn't have enough evidence/instances

Front 26

equivocation

Back 26

ambiguity; using same word with multiple meanings, not clear terms

Front 27

genetic fallacy

Back 27

someone rejects claim on basis of their parents or position- attacking person like a.h.

Front 28

empericist vs. rationalist

Back 28

e: experience basis of all knowledge; r: can reach truth thru. logic, suspicious of experience

Front 29

infrastructure vs. superstructure

Back 29

i: economic basis of soc.; s: culture and philo., morals people have; s depends on i

Front 30

bourgeois socialism

Back 30

welfare: safety net when falling on hard times-handouts; band-aid, cap. real problem

Front 31

utopian socialism

Back 31

hippies, changed ideas so they could all live together, tired of others not pulling their weight

Front 32

reactionary socialism

Back 32

just turn back clock to time before capitolism, capitolism is necessary

Front 33

scientific socialism

Back 33

will happen whether we want it or not, capitolism will fail

Front 34

religion

Back 34

opium of the people, status quo

Front 35

immanence vs. trancendence

Back 35

i: at home, wife; t: out in world, have job

Front 36

patriarchy

Back 36

men tend to have positions of power, masculine values given primacy

Front 37

men vs. women fear

Back 37

m: commitment; f: lose relationship/abandonment

Front 38

multiculturalism

Back 38

-in cultures: different values are loved
-can find things you like in other cultures, not have to be part of it
-can find things to learn/value different things
-challenge nature of philosophy

Front 39

#1 cup of tea

Back 39

overflowing cup: "How can I show you zen unless you first empty your cup?"

Front 40

4 parts ZFZB

Back 40

101 Zen Stories, Gateless Gate, Search for the Bull , Centering

Front 41

Buddha twirls a flower

Back 41

connection to natural world, don't need words,

Front 42

What are you doing! What are you saying!

Back 42

master tries to give book to apprentice but he won't take it and throws it in fire: apprentice more of master b/c no possesion makes him happy

Front 43

Reciting Sutras

Back 43

teacher trying show that sutras/blessings are for everyone but farmer doesn't like it, for his neighbor esp.

Front 44

a parable

Back 44

man going to get eaten by a tiger and is hanging on a vine and picks a strawberry that tastes best cuz it's his last

Front 45

trading dialogue for lodging

Back 45

humor- both monks were right, shows that there are multiple perspectives on the world: anti-realism; cherish all perspectives; three fingers and fist- weaker arg. won

Front 46

flower shower

Back 46

emptiness isn’t void or nothingness: sense that the world doesn’t have fixed character, resists contests, indeterminate character: gods praising dude for emptiness, says he doesn't talk about this but it's true emptiness

Front 47

Search for bull

Back 47

is search for self: like story of the cave, overcame world but come back in, no state of bliss but should enlighten others

Front 48

tipping over a water vase

Back 48

cook beats main philosopher, gives up easy job for hard job, thought differently about things thru. actions not words