Phil Xx1 Ch. 1

Front 1

Argument

Back 1

A set of sentences related in such a way that some of the sentences are presented as evidence for another sentence in the set.

Front 2

Conclusion

Back 2

The sentence in an argument that is supposedly supported by the evidence.

Front 3

Declarative sentence

Back 3

As opposed to questions, commands, requests, and exclamations, these assert that something is the case.

Front 4

Evidence

Back 4

Information that is offered in support of some assertion. It may be physical, as in damaged goods are presented to support the claim that they're defective, or it may be verbal, in which case some sentences are offered to support the truth of another sentence.

Front 5

Fallacy

Back 5

A mistake in reasoning, in particular, of supposing or pretending evidence has been presented in support of an assertion, when some form of nonevidential persuasion has been used instead.

Front 6

Fallacy of begging the question

Back 6

A mistake in reasoning that occurs when some assumption is taken to be true without justification.

Front 7

Fallacy of black and white thinking

Back 7

A mistake in reasoning that occurs when it is supposed that only two alternatives are available although in fact others are possible.

Front 8

Indicator words

Back 8

Words commonly used to signal premises or conclusions of arguments.

Front 9

Logic

Back 9

The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning, and the application of those principles to the analysis and appraisal of arguments.

Front 10

Premise

Back 10

A sentence that is offered as evidence in an argument.

Front 11

Statistical generalization

Back 11

A sentence that states that some proportion of members of one class are members of another class.

Front 12

Universal generalization

Back 12

A sentence that states that all or none of the members of one class are members of another class.

Front 13

Infer

Back 13

To conclude from something known or assumed.

Front 14

Imply

Back 14

To provide a basis from which an inference may be drawn.