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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
analogy |
a comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects |
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argument by analogy |
an argument making use of analogy, reasoning that because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respects as well. |
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biased sample |
A sample that does not properly represent the group |
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Casual Argument |
an inductive argument whose conclusion contains a causal claim |
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causal claim |
a statement about the causes of things |
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confidence level |
in statistical theory, the probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error. |
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enumerative induction |
an inductive argument pattern in which we reason from premises about individual members of a group to conclusions about the group as a whole |
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inference to best explanation |
A form of inductive reasoning in which we reason from premises about a state of affairs to an explanation for that state of affairs: phenomenon Q E provides the best explanation for Q Therefore, it is probable that E is true. |
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margin of error |
The variation between the values derived from a sample, and the true values of the whole target group |
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necessary condition |
a condition for the occurrence of an event without which the event cannot occur |
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Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc ( after that, therefore because of that) |
The fallacy of reasoning that just because B followed A, A must have caused B |
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Random Sample |
A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative. In a simple random selection, every member of the target group has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. |
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relevant property (property in question) |
IN enumerative induction, a property, or characteristic, that is of interest in the target group |
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Representative sample |
In enumerative induction, a sample that resembles the target group is all relevant ways |
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sample (sample member) |
In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group |
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Sufficient Condition |
A conditions for the occurrence of an event that guarantees that the event occurs |
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Target Group (target population) |
In enumerative induction, the whole collection of individuals under study. |