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17 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

analogy

a comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects

argument by analogy

an argument making use of analogy, reasoning that because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respects as well.

biased sample

A sample that does not properly represent the group

Casual Argument

an inductive argument whose conclusion contains a causal claim

causal claim

a statement about the causes of things

confidence level

in statistical theory, the probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error.

enumerative induction

an inductive argument pattern in which we reason from premises about individual members of a group to conclusions about the group as a whole

inference to best explanation

A form of inductive reasoning in which we reason from premises about a state of affairs to an explanation for that state of affairs:


phenomenon Q


E provides the best explanation for Q


Therefore, it is probable that E is true.

margin of error

The variation between the values derived from a sample, and the true values of the whole target group

necessary condition

a condition for the occurrence of an event without which the event cannot occur

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc ( after that, therefore because of that)

The fallacy of reasoning that just because B followed A, A must have caused B

Random Sample

A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative.


In a simple random selection, every member of the target group has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

relevant property (property in question)

IN enumerative induction, a property, or characteristic, that is of interest in the target group

Representative sample

In enumerative induction, a sample that resembles the target group is all relevant ways

sample (sample member)

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group

Sufficient Condition

A conditions for the occurrence of an event that guarantees that the event occurs

Target Group (target population)

In enumerative induction, the whole collection of individuals under study.