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18 Cards in this Set

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consequentialist
based on examining the consequences of actions, beliefs, or theories, and judge the rightness or wrongness of those consequences
nonconsequentialist
deontological- based not on consequences but on whether the actions or beliefs or theories conform to some rule or principle
Utilitarianism (consequentialist)
holds that what is good is what produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill.

Cost benefit analysis or procedure is usually some form of utilitarianism that it involves a calculation of costs and benefits
Kantian Ethics (nonconsequentialist)
ethics based on or primarily concerned with ethical rules; rules derived from logic, reasoning, or from the nature of human being as such.

Immanuel Kant.

Categorical imperative: 1st version: Always act so you can consistently will that the maxim of your action becomes a universal law.
 2nd version: An action is right only if the agent would be willing to be so treated if the position of the parties were reversed
 3rd version: one must always act so as to treat other people as ends in themselves, and not just means
virtue ethics
focuses not on ethical rules or consequences but on the moral status of the person or agent. Purpose of ethics is to develop the individual’s moral/ethical character or virtues
Moral sense theory and ethical intuitionism
holds that humans have a moral sense or institution by which we can and do distinguish between right and wrong
Ethics based on or emphasizing Human Rights
Bills of Rights in the U.S. Constitution; huge problem is that there are widely differing views of human rights, thus there is no universally agreed-upon full content to a theory of human rights, although there is partial agreement
Pragmatic Ethics
rejects unchanging or transcendent principles and views and norms, holding instead that principles and views and norms both are and need to be bent or changed in light of actual events or situations
Ethics based on Nature
humans are beings of nature and have a nature and that ethics can be derived from laws or principles found in that nature. Ex: Roman Catholic opposition to contraception as an interference with nature, homosexuality to be unnatural

Thomas Jefferson
Contractarian Ethics
based on an imagined or hypothetical contract or agreement among the members of society. John Rawls- veil of ignorance and the notion of an original position = each person posses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override; therefore, in a just society, the rights secured by justice are no subject to political bargaining or the calculus of social interests
Socialist, Communist, Communitarian, and Marxist Ethics
values are socially derived and/or determined. Emphasized society and social and community action and goals. Concerned usually with that helps the poorer and less powerful people. Considers individualism selfish, dislike globalism
Libertarian Ethics
holds that the best political, social, and/or governmental system is the one that governs least, that provides for the greatest individual liberty, initiative, entrepreneurship, etc. advocates minimizing, social, and government power, action, control, and maximizing individual liberty and freedom
Ethics Based On Religion
right and wrong are determined not by human wish, desire, or reason, but by the will or decree of a God.
Ethical Egoism
identifies what is ethically right with the agent’s self-interest
Components of an Ethical Argument
a) a fact or set of facts about something, b) en ethical theory that applies in some important way to those facts, c) conclusion when draw out or state in its entirety, brings together the two premises or components of the argument: the factual and ethical one.
Disagreeing with an Ethical Argument
1) attack or disagree with the factual premise, 2) attack or disagree with the ethical principle or theory used in the argument, 3) say that the ethical principle or theory used in the argument is good but does not apply in the particular case, 4) point out there is a mistake in the logic- either a formal or informal fallacy
Bayle’s three central feature of professions
 1) a rather extensive training is required to practice a profession
 2) training involves a significant intellectual component
 3) trained ability provides an important service in society
Bayle’s three salient features of the role of professions in the US today
 1) they all provide an important service
 2) professions have a significant or monopolistic control of the provision of services and entry into them (ex: licenses to hold some positions)
 3) not much public control of professions and professionals