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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The four causes
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1. material
2. formal 3. final 4. efficient |
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Material
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that out of which something is made
the underlying matter |
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formal
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That which something is to be the form of something else
the "essence" |
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Final
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something's end or purpose
the sake of which a thing is done |
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efficient
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that which acts, as an agent to produce something. The primary source of change
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View of human being
form + matter composite |
The soul cannot exist separate from the physical body
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Active Intellect
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The rational level of the human soul. Mind is light and it illuminates what has been imprinted on the blank slate. (Light illumination is divine.) If any part of the soul could be immortal it is the active mind
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Passive Intellect
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Formal element. The form is written on a blank slate. Minds receptivity
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Role of senses in attaining knowledge
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All knowledge begins with sensation
Gather sense data interaction with physical world acquisition of form through abstraction |
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Epistemology
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Theory of knowledge
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Role of body
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Knowledge depends on senses. All knowledge begins with the body
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End of human: relationship between formal and final cause
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Form (reason) determines the final (contemplation)
Contemplation is in accord with the most divine element in us (reason) |
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Happiness (eudemonia) Why must it be an end in itself, distinguished from means to another end.
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Happiness has to be an end in itself as opposed to a means of another end. It must be valuable for its own sake.
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Valuable for the sake of something else
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instruments
money medicine If you focus on a tool as the purpose of human existence you have misunderstood the question |
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Happiness as activity
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It requires that we exert ourselves and be challenged
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Happiness needs external goods
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External goods are necessary for human happiness but not sufficient on their own. i.e. a car needs gas in the tank but that is not sufficient on its own for the car to run
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happiness takes a lifetime
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it requires that we develop ourselves. It takes time to reach this level of development. Children and young people are not eligible for excellence
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Why is human happiness not the same as amusement
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amusement is not bad but cannot be the ultimate purpose of life. It can injure instead of benefit. Pleasures of immoderation lead to conflict. Any child or animal can be amused
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Why is contemplation the most virtuous activity?
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It is not pursued because it is pleasurable. It is an end in itself because it is chosen for its own sake.
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3 kinds of friendship
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friendship of utility
friendship of pleasure perfect friendship |
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Friendship of utility
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a friend isn't loved for who they are but useful things you can get from them
i.e. study partner conditional |
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Friendship of pleasure
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A friend is not loved for who they are but for the fun times you get from their company i.e. drinking buddies
conditional |
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The perfect friendship
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Friendship of the good
the friend is loved for who they are the friendship is only between virtuous people rare enduring relationship unconditional |
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Argument for why we are political
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Nature has endowed with
reason: allows us to deliberate language: allows us to deliberate in a group Everything exists for a purpose or reason (final causality/universal design) we are naturally intended for social activity and are all political by nature |
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Aristotle's form
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essence, essential properties are an organizing principle design that is imposed in the matter so that the object can perform a specific activity or function.
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Aristotle believes knowledge begins with sense data (true or false)
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True
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Happiness is
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an end in itself
an activity known also as excellence |
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happiness needs
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external goods
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happiness takes
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a lifetime
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happiness is not
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amusement
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