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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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circular argument, premise assumes the truth of the conclusion.
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begging the question
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misleading used of a term with more than one meaning or sense
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fallacy of equivocation
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offerering only two extreme alternatives when there are many other options
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false dichotomy
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directed towards the person aka attacking the person
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ad hominem
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aka bandwagon. appealing ot the fact that it is popular
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appeal to popularity
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when responding to an argument changing the argument into something obviously unacceptable so it is easier to refute
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straw man
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if appeal to authority, and not their area of expertise (celebrity endorsement)
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appeal to authority
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no one has disproved X therefore it must be true.
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appeal to ignorance
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A leads to B which leads to C, which leads to Z
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slipperly slope
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when a claim doesn't follow through logically
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inconsistant
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keeps with what it is arguing and logically follows
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consistant
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¬
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not
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v
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or
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&
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and, but, however
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→
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if, then
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A->B
A so B |
modes ponens = valid
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A->B
¬B so ¬A |
modus tollens = valid
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A -> B
B A |
affirming the consequent = invalid
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A -> B
¬A so ¬B |
denying the antecendent = invalid
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when premises can be reasonably accepted as true
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acceptability
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when premises provide support to conclusion
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relevance
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the support given by the premises is strong enough to justify the conclusion of the argument
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adequacy
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reasons are given in attempt to convince someone that a certain claim is true
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an argument
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therefore, thus, so as a consequence of, it follows that, for these reasons
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conclusion indicators
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since, for, because
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premise indicators
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truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the premise
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logically strong argument
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logically strong but not deductively valid
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inductively strong
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premises are true, so the conclusion is true through good reasoning
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sound argument
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premises work together to support the conclusion
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T arguments
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premises each give some support to the conclusion
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V arguments
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simply saying what a word means
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reportative definition
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to specify the meaning of a word usually thought specific context
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stipulative definitions
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to state the essence of the thing the word refers too
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essentialist definition
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the defining expression refers to somethings that the word doesn't
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too broad
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the expression used to define a word fails to refer to some of the things the word refers too
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too narrow
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refers to both to many things and leaves some out
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too broad and too narrow
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when the term being defined is through terms of itself
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circular definition
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when a word, expression, or sentence has two or more distinct meanings
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ambiguous
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no clear meaning
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vague
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a statement that is true by definition
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analytic statement
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a statement that is false by definition
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contradictory statement
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a statement who's truth or falsity is not solely dependent upon the definition - the meanings - of the words involved
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synthetic statements
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claims about single things and it's properites
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particular/singular claims
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claims about many or most of a certain thing
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general claims
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asserts observable facts are justification
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empirical claims
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asserts that through research justification is found
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non-empirical claims
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when it is claimed that there is a causal relation between A and B when in fact both A and B are caused by C
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Fallacy of Common Cause
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B →¬A OR A→B
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A only if B
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¬B→A
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A unless B
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moving from specific facts to a general conclusion
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inductive arguments
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