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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
absolute truth- also called objective truth
On this view, people discover truth, they do not create it, and a claim is made true or false in some way or another by reality itself.
Coherence- a belief is true if and only if it coheres well with the entire set of one’s beliefs, assuming that the set is itself a strongly coherent one.
coherence theory of justification
offers coherence as a test for truth and it is consistent with a correspondence theory of truth, since one could hold that when a belief coheres well with ones other belief, it is likely to correspond with reality.
coherence theory of truth
states that the truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions
correspondence relation
can be directly experienced and made an object of thought, and it does not seem to be reducible to something else.
correspondence theory of truth
the idea that truth is a matter of a proposition(belief, thought, statement, representation) corresponding to reality; truth obtains when reality is the way a proposition represents it to be.
criteria for truth
consist in epistemological tests for deciding or justifying which claims are truth and false.
intentional object
two- placed relation between a proposition and the state of affairs
law of noncontradiction-
second law of the three classic laws of thought. The oldest statement of the law is that contradictory statements cannot both at the same time be true, e.g. the two propositions A is B and A is not B are mutually exclusive.
phenomenological argument-
focuses on a careful description and presentation of specific cases to see wht can learned from them about the truth.
postmodernism-
rejects the existence of truth, especially if it is construed according to some version of the correspondence theory.
pragmatic theory of truth
- implies that a belief P is true if and only if P works or is useful to have.
proposition-
content of declarative sentences/ statements and thoughts/ beliefs that is true or false.
relativism-
a claim is made true for those who accept it by that very act.
state of affairs-
any actually existing whole that is ordered by the relation of predication or exemplification.
Essence-
significant individual feature or features
general ontology-
is the most basic aspect of metaphysics, and there are three main tasks that make up this branch of metaphysical study.
identity
- the condition of being oneself or itself, and not another
properties
- are entities that can exemplified by many things at the same time.
Relations-
are entities that can relate two or more things and can be in more than one group of things at the same time.
special metaphysics-
study of specific topic of special interests
substances-
that of which a thing consists; physical matter or material
thought experiments-
sources of counterexamples to metaphysical arguments.
Dualism-
claims that human being is both physical and mental
great chain of being
or scala naturae is a classical and western medieval concept of God’s strict and natural hierarchical structure over the universe.
mental property
- belong to the private world of inner experience.
mind-body problem-
made up of two main questions. Is a human made of only one component, say matter, or is a human made of two components, matter and mind? Second, if the answer is two components, do mind and matter interact, and if so, how does that interaction take place?
Physicalism-
claims that a human being is completely physical
physical property- the properties that are possessed only by the physical objects.
propostional attitude-
having a certain mental attitude toward a state of affairs by means of a proposition that can be expressed by a that- clause.
substance dualism-
holds that the brain is a physical object that has physical properties and the mind or soul is a mental substance that has mental properties.
unity of science
-that a completely developed physics and chemistry could give a complete, unified description and explanation of all phenomena because the is one physical system.
absent qualia-
objection to the functionalism idea that states unconscious machines like computers are able to imitate consciousness by embodying the right functional state in that mental state. P257 ex of the Chinese room
eliminative materialism-
believe that terms that terms that are a part of an inadequate theory that should be abandoned in favor of a better theory.
functionalism-
they model mental states along with these lines: mental states are functional states of organisms. Also, known as physicalism.
hardware view-
types of mental states are identical to types of physical stuff or “hardware” in the brain and central nervous system.
inverted qualia-(qualia is plural for quale,
which means a specific experiental quality—for example what it is to experience redness or blueness)To experience redness is basically to pick out the red objects in the room and setting them aside, and claiming those are the red objects in the room. Inverted qualia are the person pointing at the red things and saying that they are actually blue.
methodological behaviorism-
is the view that in doing psychology from an empirical standpoint, one should describe, report and explain mental states in terms of publicly observable behaviors and not in terms of private, first person, inner conscious states.
multiple realization-
Martians and Humans can be in pain state MS1, but not in BS1. BS1 is identical but the same thing as MS1. Dualist’s solution: Martians cannot be in a state of pain like Humans even though they each have different brain states, because pains are not identical to brain states but to states essentially characterized by their conscious felt quality.(p.253)
philosophical behaviorism-
Mental states are identified with overt bodily behavior or tendencies or certain behaviors, given certain stimulus inputs.
software view-
A reference to the computer analogy, referring to the different inputs, outputs and other features of the program that the computer uses to operate.
strong artificial intelligence-
a popular version of physicalism, which states that the mind is fundamentally a computer program
token-
an individual, particular instance of a type. Ex-A pain token is specific instance of the general kind of state known as pain type state.
token-token identity theory-
there is no set of general conditions that can be given for identifying a general kind of mental state with a general kind of brain state.
type-
is a general kind of thing that can be in more than one place at the same time or at the same place at different, interrupted times. Ex- When pain is considered as a type, it is being viewed as a general kind of state that can be in different organisms at the same time or the same organism at different times.
type-type identity theory-
claims that each of the mental states is identical to a certain brain type state, say a certain pattern of neurons firing.
ability condition-
that in order to have the freedom necessary for responsible agency, one must have the ability or choose or act differently from the way the agent actually does.
agent causation-
when are person acts for the sake of reasons.
compatibilism-
if determinism is true, then every human action is causing necessitated by events that obtain prior to action, including events that existed before the person acting was born.
control condition-
must be in control of the act itself
deliberation-
considering various reasons for and against certain actions
hard determinism-
denies the ability of free will
soft determinism(compatilism)-
holds that freedom and determinism are compatible with each other, thus the truth of determinism does not eliminate free will.
efficient cause-
that by means of which an effects is produced. Ex. One ball moving another.
first or unmoved mover-
no event or cause causes a person to act.
hypothetical ability-
we are free to will whatever we desire even though our desires are themselves detemined. Freedom is willing to act on your strongest preference.
Indeterminism
- things happen randomly
libertarianism-
accepts free will and denies determinism with respect to human freedom. Real freedom requires a type of control over ones actions.
person as agent-
C: consistent with but does not require a person to be a substance L: person must be a substance
quantum physics-
that electrons hit in random places with no caused events.
rationality condition- C:
reasons of efficient causes L: reasons are final causes
absolute, strict sense of identity-
that we are the same person as we move through time
absolute view of personal identity-
persons differ from physical artifacts in that persons maintain strict, absolute sameness through change.
body view of empiricism
- that we are the same because each experience or stage in life is connected to the same body
empiricist views of personal identity-
1. Change comes in degrees 2. it is unanalyzable 3. no soul or ego
immediate resurrection position on immortality-
when one dies, he or she is immediately given some sort of temporal body while waiting for the final resurrection body. This view suffers from the biblical text that describe the certain state as a disembodied one( Ps 49:15, Heb 12:23)
loose, popular sense of identity-
that we are different over time but we still have the same base of who we are at the beginning
memory view of empiricism-
the reason we are the same being is that we have the memories when we wake up of the same person.
re-creation position on immortality-
When one dies he becomes extinct—there is no disembodied person in an intermediate sate—but at the resurrection of the dead God recreates the person all over again.
traditional position on immortality-
God alone posses immortality in himself. We are mortal and when we die, we are dead for a short time then receives a resurrection.
unity at a time-
all of the experiences that I have are united because they are all owned by the same conscious “I”.
unity through time-
Over time body parts and memories come and go but over time but they are all aspects of the same person because they all belong to the same enduring “I” according to the absolutist view.