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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of teh kidney?
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1) Regulation of water and inorganic ion balance
2) Removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and their excretion in the urine (lose this, can't maintain your life) 3) Removal of foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in the urine (most antibiotics secreted in the urine) 4) Production of hormones/enzymes |
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What are the hormone or enzymes produced in the kidneys?
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Erythropoietin: hormone that control erythrocyte production (by epithelial cells of proximal tubules)
Renin: enzyme that controls the formation of angiotensin and influences blood P and sodium balance (AG II= major BP regulator) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: active vitamin that influences Ca2+ balance (in liver, 1st OH is added (not active), in kidney, 2nd OH is added (active)) -> controls Ca2+ absorption from the gut |
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How do kidneys develop?
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Through mesechyme-to-epithelial transition
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What is the anatomy of the kidney?
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2 of them: ~150g each
Behind the peritoneum, on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall Partially protected by the rib cage and big muscle Also encapsulated by fat layer |
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How is the renal system controlled?
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Up to the bladder, under physiological control
Excretion: voluntary control |
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What happens in the renal cortex?
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Where filtraton of blood takes place
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What happens in the renal medulla?
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(inverted pyramid)
Where filtrate is modified to eventually become urine |
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What happens in the renal pelvis?
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Urine is collected and then transferred by ureter to bladder
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How much of the blood in the body enters the kidney per unit of time?
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20-25% of the blood
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Where is the interlobar artery?
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Medulla
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Where is the interlobular artery?
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Cortex
Goes to afferent arteriole then to nephron |
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Describe the nephron.
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Subunit of the nephron (~1 million in each kidney)
Each nephron has: Renal corpuscle: glomerulus (capillary loops) and bowman's capsule Tubule: modified filtrate |
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What supplies the blood to the filtration unitm the nephron?
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Afferent arteriole
(then the filtrate goes to the tubules) |
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How does filtrate leave the renal corpuscle?
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Efferent arterioles
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What is the order filtration?
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Glomerulus --> Bowman's capsule --> Proximal convoluted tubule --> Descending limb of Henle --> Ascending limbg of Henle (thin then thick) --> distal convoluted tubule --> cortical collecting duct --> medullary collecting duct --> renal pelvis
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Where is the PCT? (proximal covoluted tubule)
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In cortex
Epithelium is specialized, has multiple villi |
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What is the DCT for? (distal convoluted tubule)
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Fine tuning (also the same for the CCD and MCD)
DCT is also in the cortex |
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What is the glomerulus?
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Entangled capillary loops surrounded by the Bowman's capsule
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What does the capillary wall of the glomerulus consist of?
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Endothelial cells
Glomerular basement mb Visceral eipthelial cells (podocytes) |
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What does the glomerulus do?
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Filters blood to makes urine
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Describe from out to in the renal corpuscle.
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Bowman's capsule: parietal layer
Bowmans space Bowman's capsule: visceral layer-> podocytes (monolayer of epithlial cells) |
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What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Where thick ascending limb and distal tubules meet
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What is the macula densa?
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Very unique cells, smaller
They sense concentration of solids and give info to adjacent cell (juxtaglomerular cell -> where H are synthesized) ex: renin, prostaglandins |
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What does fenestrae do?
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In vessels: glomerular capillary wall
Allows plasma to get through |
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What is the glomerular capillary wall?
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Filtrtion barrier
Cap wall made up of: visceral glomerular epithelial cells, GBM and endothelial cells |
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What parts of the nephron are in the cortex? (proximal part)
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Renal corpuscle: glomeruls, bowman's capsule
Proximal tubule: PCT, proximal straight tubule |
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What parts of the nephron are in the Medulla?
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Proximal tubule: Proximal straight tubule
Henle's loop: Descending thin limb, ascending thin limb, thick ascending limb (macular densa at the end) |
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What parts of the nephron are in the cortex (distal part)?
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Henle's loop: TAL
DCT Cortical collecting duct: CCD |
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What parts of the nephron are in the medulla (distal region)?
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Collecting duct: Medullary collecting duct
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What are the 3 process of urine formation?
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1) Glomerular filtration
2) Tubular secretion: gets rid of bad things 3) Tubular reabsorption: getting good things back into the blood |
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What is glomerular filtration?
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Urine formation begins with the filtration of plasma from the glomerula capillaries into Bowman's space (glomerular filtratin)
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What's in glomerular filtrate?
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Cell free
Contains all the substances in plasma, except proteins, at the same concentration as in plasma |
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What happens in tubular secretion/absorption?
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As the glomerular filtrate passes through the tubules, its composition is altered by the movement's of substances
Tubules --> Peritubular capillaries: Reabsorption Peritubular caps --> Tubules: Secretion |
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What is the urine equation.
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Amt excreted = amt filtered + amt secreted - amt reabsorbed
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What is an example of a substance that is completely excreted?
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PAH (para-amino-hippurate)
Used to see how much blood goes through the kidney |
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What is an example of something that is almost completely reabsorbed from the urine?
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99% of H2O reabsorbed
99.5% of Na is reabsorbed Very little is excreted |
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How do homeostatic mechanism regulate urine production?
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Rate of filtration, reabsorption and secretion is subject to physiological control
When the body content of a certain substance goes above or below normal, homeostatic mechanisms can regulate the substance's bodily balance by changing these rates |
