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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is autoimmune disease? How?
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Immune system’s cant tell self from nonself.
Something triggers the immune system to fail to see the MHC and HLA as normal. So the body sees them as regular antigens. |
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What happens in MS?
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Nervous system is attacked. Attacks myelin sheeth.
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What happens in Myasthenia gravis?
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Not able to have ATC to bind to receptors because of antibody binded to the receptor.
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What happens in Graves Disease?
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hyperthyroidism; Imm. Sys attacks thyroid; too much thyroxine being made.
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What happens in Diabetes?
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Antibodies bind to Islands of Langerhan cells so insulin is not able to be secreted –Juvenile Diabetes
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What happens in Glomerulonephritis?
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body attacks the glomerulus in the nephron --> causes inflammation.
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What happens in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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when joints/soft tissue are attacked.
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What happens in Crones’ Disease?
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damage to your cells in the ilium (small intestine) and colon; epithelial cells destroyed, so you lose proteins from the body. Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
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What is the mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases?
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T and B cells escape into the blood without first learning what the self is.
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After escape into the blood stream, what happens?
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You have new self antigens that have generated -- they are new tags due to gene mutations.
Your OLD T and B cells dont know these new ones, so they attack them too. |
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What is another way (other than gene mutations) that new self antigens appear?
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Infection - a protein that attaches to a tag; modifies the self antigen.
This makes the self attack the "new" antigens. |
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What is yet another way (other than gene mutations and infection) that new self antigens appear?
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An infection or allergen that looks like your MHC tag, so the body is confused and attacks itself.
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
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Chronic inflammatory disease; system; you make large number of antibodies against DNA, RBC, and Platelets.
All of these autoantibodies deposit in connective tissue. When there, they cause macrophages come; histamine release, inflammation. |
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What is treatment for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
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Immunosuppresant drugs
hydroxychloroquinone (malaria drug) |
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What's the first symptom of SLE?
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Butterfly rash on face.
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When can you see SLE under a microscope?
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When you see neutrophils eating cells.
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What does congenital mean?
What does acquired mean? |
-- You are born with it.
-- It develops over time. |
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Immunodeficiencies causes...
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Immune cells, phagocytes, and compliments.
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What is SCID?
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severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes.
-- Almost no B and T Cells. -- Problems with interleukin and interleukin receptors. -- abnromal numbers of ADA Enzymes |
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What do the with defective ADA Enzymes?
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Metabolites accumulate and kills T cells.
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What is the cure for SCID?
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Bone marrow transplant.
Fixing the gene. |
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What are some acquired Immunodeficiencies?
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Hodgkin’s disease, AIDS,
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What happens in Hodgkin’s disease?
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When your Lymph node cancer depresses lymph nodes (B and T cells are affected)
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What is CD4?
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It is a protein on some Helper T Cells.
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How does HIV work?
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transcription = DNA --> RNA
translation = RNA --> Protein |
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How does HIV enter the body?
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Blood, semen, vaginal secretions.
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How does HIV attachment work?
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HIV 's coat protein attaches to the CD4 receptor. GP41 protein fuses the virus to the target cell.
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How does HIV work once inside the cell?
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It uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from Viral RNA.
This DNA (provirus) tells the host cell to make Viral RNA (and proteins). This makes the virus to reproduce and infect other cells. |
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What is a problem with HIV transcription?
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The reverse transcriptase is not accurate and makes transcription errors. This mutations makes it HIV resistant to drugs.
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What are the treatments for HIV?
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Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors (saquinavir and ritonavir) |
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