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79 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

3 functions of skin

Primary function - radiation, chemicals, microorganisms


Physiological function - sweat, vit D


Network of nerve cells that detects + relays changes in the environment (heat, pain, itch)

What are keratinocytes held together by?

Desmosomes

What cell types does the dermo-epidermal junction consist of?

Keratinocytes and fibroblasts

What junction types is present in stratum granulosum?

Tight junctions

What junction type is rich in stratum basale layer?

Adherents junction

What cell type is rich in stratum spinosum layer?

Desmosomes

What cell types are present in the basement membrane of skin?

Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

What are the 3 cell types of the epidermis?

Keratinocytes


Langerhans cells


Melanocytes

What are considered to be the dendritic cells of the epidermis?

Melanocytes and langerhans cells

Where are melanocytes found?

The basal layer of the epidermis

Describe how the concentration of melanocytes varies in different parts of the body

Highest concentration in face and male genitalia, lowest on trunk

Difference in the melanocytes present in those with dark skin

They are larger and have more processes

Where do langerhans cells originate?

Bone marrow

Function of langerhans cells?

Thy acquire antigens in peripheral tissues, transport them to regional lymph nodes, present them to naive T cells, thus initiating an adaptive immune response

Where are langerhans cells present?

In all layers of the epidermis except the stratum corneum

Describe how the numbers of langerhans cells may be affected

Numbers not affected by Uv but increase in allergic reactions

Describe the function of melanocytes

Melanin is transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes via their dendritic processes

Describe eccrine glands

Temperature control glands, excrete sweat, present everywhere on human skin apart from nail beds and lips, most abundant on palms, soles and axillae

Describe apocrine glands

Scent glands, role unclear, present in axillae and genitals

Describe sebaceous glands

Present everywhere except palms and soles, greatly enlarge at puberty in response to androgens (acne), main function is to provide lipids which lubricate hair shaft

Describe composition of the dermis

Connective tissue: collagen fibres, elastic fibres, fibroblasts and 'ground substance'

What are the damaging effects of ultraviolet on skin

Direct cellular damage e.g. Photo aging and DNA damage, and alterations in immunological function

What causes the development of melanoma and non melanoma skin cancers

The mutation of P53 tumour suppressor genes cause by DNA damage

What cells work together to protect cells from uv DNA damage?

Keratinocytes and melanocytes

Chronic uv exposure in humans leads to...

Loss of skin elasticity


Abnormal pigmentation


Haemorrhage of blood vessels


Wrinkles and premature ageing

Erosion = ?

Only epidermis lost

Ulceration = ?

Structures deep to the epidermis

Partial thickness injury = ?

Epidermis and varying parts of dermis. Adnexal structures serve as a reservoir of epithelial cells to repopulate the wound and cells from the wound edge

Full thickness wound = ?

Epidermis and all of dermis and deeper structures. Wound edge cells only

Describe the factors hat affect wound healing

Size of wound


Blood supply to area


Age and health of patient


Nutritional status of patient


Drugs the patient may be taking


Presence of foreign bodies and microoragnsims


Variety of systemic diseases: diabetes mellitus

Justice = ?

Fairness

Respect for autonomy = ?

Respect for self-determination

Beneficence = ?

Patients best interests

Non maleficience

Balance of risks/harm vs benefits

Why 3 mechanisms allow proteins to get into organelles?

Nuclear pores - for nuclear proteins


Via membrane translocation - for ER and motochondrial proteins


Vesicular transport (vesicles) - for proteins going beyond ER

What is the definition of a cell?

The basic unit from which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane

Why cytoskeleton system supports the inner membrane of a cell (above nuclear lamina) and helps to position nuclear pores?

Intermediate filaments


Lamins

What are the features of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer


Cholesterol


Lipid rafts


Carbohydrates


Proteins

What's substances are rich in the lipid rafts of the plasma membrane of a cell?

They are cholesterol rich


Enriched in proteins to form 'signalling platforms'

What is the main role of mitochondria?

ATP production

What are he 4 compartments of a mitochondria?

Outer membrane: selectively permeable (e.g. Pyruvate)


Inner membrane (folded into numerous Cristae): electron transport chain


Matrix: enzymes for citric acid/ TCA cycle


Intermembrane space: important in electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions

What is the main role of mitochondria?

ATP production

What are he 4 compartments of a mitochondria?

Outer membrane: selectively permeable (e.g. Pyruvate)


Inner membrane (folded into numerous Cristae): electron transport chain


Matrix: enzymes for citric acid/ TCA cycle


Intermembrane space: important in electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions

What is the function of tight junction?

Seal (prevent leakage between cells)


Epithelial cell polarity (apical and basolateral domains)

What are the 4 compartments of a mitochondria?

Outer membrane: selectively permeable (e.g. Pyruvate)


Inner membrane (folded into numerous Cristae): electron transport chain


Matrix: enzymes for citric acid/ TCA cycle


Intermembrane space: important in electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions

What are the different factors of tight junction?

Function: Seal (prevent leakage between cells)


Epithelial cell polarity (apical and basolateral domains), selective permeability


Components: Claudins


Cytoskeleton: actin


Example: epidermis


What are the different factors of GAP junctions?

Function: metabolic and electrical coupling


Components: Connexins


Cytoskeleton: N/A


Example: cardiac tissue

Describe different factors of Adherens junctions

Function: tissue integrity, contractility, motility


Components: cadherens


Cytoskeleton: Actin


Example: morphogenesis

Describe the different factors of desmosomes

Function: strong adhesion, resist mechanical stress


Components: desmosomes cadherins


Cytoskeleton: IF


Example: epidermis, myocardium

What are the 4 compartments of a mitochondria?

Outer membrane: selectively permeable (e.g. Pyruvate)


Inner membrane (folded into numerous Cristae): electron transport chain


Matrix: enzymes for citric acid/ TCA cycle


Intermembrane space: important in electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions

What are the different factors of tight junction?

Function: Seal (prevent leakage between cells)


Epithelial cell polarity (apical and basolateral domains), selective permeability


Components: Claudins


Cytoskeleton: actin


Example: epidermis


What are the different factors of GAP junctions?

Function: metabolic and electrical coupling


Components: Connexins


Cytoskeleton: N/A


Example: cardiac tissue

Describe different factors of Adherens junctions

Function: tissue integrity, contractility, motility


Components: cadherens


Cytoskeleton: Actin


Example: morphogenesis

Describe the different factors of desmosomes

Function: strong adhesion, resist mechanical stress


Components: desmosomes cadherins


Cytoskeleton: IF


Example: epidermis, myocardium

Describe the different factors of focal adhesion

function: cell anchorage, mechanical and biochemical signalling


Components: integrins


Cytoskeleton: actin


Example: cell migration

What is the main role of mitochondria?

ATP production

What are the 4 compartments of a mitochondria?

Outer membrane: selectively permeable (e.g. Pyruvate)


Inner membrane (folded into numerous Cristae): electron transport chain


Matrix: enzymes for citric acid/ TCA cycle


Intermembrane space: important in electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions

What are the different factors of tight junction?

Function: Seal (prevent leakage between cells)


Epithelial cell polarity (apical and basolateral domains), selective permeability


Components: Claudins


Cytoskeleton: actin


Example: epidermis


What are the different factors of GAP junctions?

Function: metabolic and electrical coupling


Components: Connexins


Cytoskeleton: N/A


Example: cardiac tissue

Describe different factors of Adherens junctions

Function: tissue integrity, contractility, motility


Components: cadherens


Cytoskeleton: Actin


Example: morphogenesis

Describe the different factors of desmosomes

Function: strong adhesion, resist mechanical stress


Components: desmosomes cadherins


Cytoskeleton: IF


Example: epidermis, myocardium

Describe the different factors of focal adhesion

function: cell anchorage, mechanical and biochemical signalling


Components: integrins


Cytoskeleton: actin


Example: cell migration

Describe the different factors of hemidesmosomes

Function: cell anchorage


Components: integrins


Cytoskeleton: IF


Example: dermal-epidermal junction

An example of a cell type that would have an extensive Rough ER

Plasma cells and hepatocytes

What cytoskeletal component is found in cilia?

Microtubules

What cytoskeletal component is found in cochlear hair cells?

Stereocilia


Actin

What cytoskeletal component is found in the apical surface of absorptive cells lining the gut?

Microvilli


Actin

What cytoskeletal component is found in the apical surface of absorptive cells lining the gut?

Microvilli


Actin

Which cytoskeletal system participates in cell membrane extension and motility?

Lamellipodia and filopodia


Actin

Defects in what are associated with kartageners syndrome?

Cilia and flagella

Defects in what are associated with kartageners syndrome?

Cilia and flagella

A disorder in which cell junction results in deafness or Vohwinkel syndrome?

GAP junctions

Defects in what are associated with kartageners syndrome?

Cilia and flagella

A disorder in which cell junction results in deafness or Vohwinkel syndrome?

GAP junctions

Which vesicles is involved in oxidative reactions?

Peroxisomes

Which cell junctionnis formed between cells and the ECM?

Focal adhesions

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Around 110 days

What is the transcriptome?

The subset of genes that are actually transcribed

How can microorganisms be broadly classified?

Prokaryotes


Eukaryotes