Chung Pharm. Test 1 Lecture 1

Front 1

what are the three names for drugs

Back 1

clinical, generic, trade

Front 2

It is known as benadryl/ Allerdry/ Sleep Eze

Back 2

diphenhydramine

Front 3

what is acetaminophen

Back 3

mild to moderate medication for pain. Tyelnol/acephen/abenol

Front 4

it is known to help juvenile arthritis also called aleve

Back 4

Naproxen

Front 5

what is fexofenadine

Back 5

allegra sesonal allergic rhinitis

Front 6

Is equal to side effect. Undesirable, potentially harmful, can occur at therapeutic or normal doses. All prescriptions OTCs herbal supplements have potential

Back 6

Adverse Effects

Front 7

some drugs can cause blood dyscrasias this is condition in which there is a decreased production of what?

Back 7

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

Front 8

predictable/anticipated, distinguished from adverse effects to predict.

Back 8

side effect

Front 9

what is the most common side effect of Demerol

Back 9

Nausea

Front 10

what is sometime giving as a sleep aid because ofdrowsiness is a common side effect?

Back 10

diphenhydramine

Front 11

what type of reaction does paradoxical reaction do

Back 11

have to opposite of the intended effects

Front 12

_____ are uncommon drug reaction often caused by genetic differences.

Back 12

Idiosyncratic reaction

Front 13

what does hypersensitivity allergic reaction do ?

Back 13

they are do to the stimulation of the immune system by the drug (severe reaction penicillin very severe allergic reaction )

Front 14

TRUE OR FALSE: toxic reaction occurs when the pt is under dose with the drug ?

Back 14

FALSE: The pt is OVERDOSE

Front 15

The body recognizes the drug as a foreign invader. Histamine and cellular mediators responded and released by the body. Reactions occurs such as hives/ rashes/ swelling of the body/ dangerous when it happens to the throat. LOC change.

Back 15

Allergy/ Hypersensitivity reactions

Front 16

what is toxicity

Back 16

a drug that is acting as a poison or toxin

Front 17

what organ does nephrotoxic effect?

Back 17

kidney

Front 18

what organ does cardio toxic effect

Back 18

heart/cardiac muscles

Front 19

TRUE OR FALSE: neurotoxic effect the neuron

Back 19

TRUE

Front 20

True or False: hepatotoxic effect the liver

Back 20

true

Front 21

what does ototoxic effect?

Back 21

Hearing

Front 22

the use of a number of different drugs having conflicting effects. Normally patient may have one or several health issues. Those drugs are prescribed by different doctors and filled in different pharmacies.

Back 22

Polypharmacy

Front 23

True or False: drugs can often interact with other drugs in safe ways.

Back 23

False: drugs can often interact with other drugs in DANGEROUS ways (direct chemical reaction when mixing drugs together)

Front 24

What are the 5 rights of medication administration

Back 24

RIGHT... PT, drug, dose,time, route

Front 25

Nurse reviews a client record for drug allergies, current medications, and disease status. Which phase of nursing process?

Back 25

Assessment

Front 26

➢_________ – combined effect is greater than the sum of individual agents (1+1>2)

Back 26

Synergistic ( Too much) (1+2=3)

Front 27

____combined effect equal to the sum of individual agents (1+1=2) (two drugs sum together)

Back 27

Additive (Just Enough 1+1=2)

Front 28

➢______________ – one drug inhibits the ability of another drug to act(1+1<1)

Back 28

Reducing/ Antagonist 1-1=0 (not enough)

Front 29

what drug induces birth structural defects in the unborn fetus?

Back 29

Teratogen

Front 30

what is a mutagen ?

Back 30

drug induces changes in the genetic composition of living organisms (mutation)

Front 31

True or False: carcinogen is the drug that causes weight gain?

Back 31

False: it causes cancer (DNA mutated part of the reason)

Front 32

what is acute therapeutics ?

Back 32

needs immediate attention (hypertension)

Front 33

Maintenance Therapeutics?

Back 33

prevents progression

Front 34

Supplemental therapeutics?

Back 34

needs supplies/substance

Front 35

Palliative therapeutics?

Back 35

gives comfort

Front 36

supportive therapeutics?

Back 36

maintains body integrity

Front 37

Prophylactic therapeutics?

Back 37

preventative

Front 38

➢Treat the person, not the disease

➢Treatment differs based on ages, physiological and pathological conditions, the genetic makeup.

➢Same illness, different persons, different treatment.

Back 38

Ideal drug

Front 39

True or False: ➢Physiological changes during pregnancy can alter normal pharmacological responses, (PREGNANCY)

Back 39

True

Front 40

True or False: Children are little adults

(PEDS)

Back 40

False: ➢Children ARE NOT little adults!

Front 41

True or False:all organs and tissue are immune and highly sensitive (vulnerable) (PEDS)

Back 41

true

Front 42

True or False: Some drug therapy must consider growth and development (PEDS)

Back 42

False:•All drug therapy must consider growth and development,

Front 43

•Drugs are always prescribed by _____________

(PEDS)

Back 43

Exact body weight

Front 44

______ drug reaction are more common and deadly (PEDS)

Back 44

Adverse drug reaction

Front 45

➢Pharmaco = ???

➢Kinetics = ???

Back 45

~ Medicines

~ Movement

Front 46

What is pharmacokinetics?

Back 46

related to the movement of a drug through the body

Front 47

What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics?

Back 47

➢Absorption
➢Distribution
➢Metabolism (Biotransformation)
➢Excretion (Elimination)

(oral meds most complete route)

Front 48

➢Movement of a drug from site of administration to blood
➢Process differs with route of administration

Back 48

Absorption step 1

Front 49

➢Most drugs must be absorbed, except:

Back 49

•Intravenous or intra-arterial
•Some GI antinfectants
•Some radiologic contrast medias

Front 50

what are the absorption routes?

Back 50

➢Enteral (Oral and sublingual)
➢Parental (IV, IM, SubQ)
➢Other (Inhalation, Intranasal, Intrathecal/Intraventricular, Topical/Transdermal, Rectal)

Front 51

True or false: Oral formulations is order fastest to slowest

Back 51

True

Front 52

Capsules, Tablets, Coated tablets, Enteric coated tablets are ?

Back 52

Slow-release formulations

Front 53

what is the absorption transport from GI ?

Back 53

➢Passive diffusion (concentration directed)
➢Active transport (against concentration, energy required)
➢Endocytosis-organelle go to cell membrane

Front 54

What are the factors affecting absorption?

Back 54

➢Blood flow to absorption
➢Total surface area for absorption
➢Contact time (dissolution, motility and food interaction),

Front 55

➢Acids better absorbed in acid (_________)

~Factor affecting absorption~

Back 55

Stomach

Front 56

➢Alkalines better absorbed in base (___________)

~Factors affecting absorption~

Back 56

Small Intestine

Front 57

What is distribution

Back 57

➢The transportation from site of absorption (GI or bloodstream) to site of action (body tissues)

Front 58

•Blood flow to tissues (perfusion)
•Tissue storage (tissue specific storage)
•Obesity (lipophilic drugs) and edema (hydrophilic drugs)
•Drug protein binding (albumin)
•Barriers (Blood brain barrier, Placenta)

Back 58

➢Factors affecting distribution

Front 59

True or False: Drug protein complexes can cross capillary membrane,

Back 59

False: Drug protein complexes cannot cross capillary membrane,

Front 60

True or false: Free unbound drugs reach target tissues

Back 60

True

Front 61

True or False: Competition of protein bind sites

Back 61

True

Front 62

True or False: One drug has protein binding percentage

Back 62

False: Each drug has protein binding percentage

Front 63

➢__________ (diazepam) distributed into and accumulated in adipose tissue (Obesity)

Back 63

Lipophilic drug

Front 64

➢Less active drug at site of action but slowly released from _________

Back 64

Fatty tissue

Front 65

➢____________ distributed and remain in interstitial solution (Edema)

Back 65

Hydrophilic drug

Front 66

Affinity to specific tissues (_________ to bone and teeth) hard to remove

Back 66

Tetracycline

Front 67

______ is the amount of drug that reaches to site of actions

Back 67

Bioavailability

Front 68

What are the factors affecting bioavailability

Back 68

•First pass hepatic metabolism (Oral)
•Solubility of the drug
•Chemical stability
•Formulation

(oral meds always use higher dose than IV meds)

Front 69

➢Metabolism or biotransformation is a process to change activity of a drug and makes it more likely to be excreted (________)

Back 69

Metabolite

Front 70

➢Primarily in ______, kidneys and cells of intestinal tract (metabolism)

Back 70

Liver

Front 71

True or False: Chemical structure, function/activity and toxicity changed &
Prodrug has no pharmacological activities.

Back 71

True

Front 72

______ is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are removed from the body

Back 72

Elimination

Front 73

Primary site for elimination is the ____

Back 73

Kidney

Front 74

The process includes glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and ______

Back 74

partial reabsorption

Front 75

True or False: Be careful with patients with renal impairment (drugs staying in body longer may result in toxicity, reduced dose given)

Back 75

True

Front 76

Other Routes of Excretion: Fecal & Biliary Excretion are ?

Back 76

clinically significant in patients with hepatic insufficiency

Front 77

Other Routes of Execration: Respiratory

Back 77

Important in elimination of anesthetic gases.

Front 78

Other routes of Excretion: Breast Milk

Back 78

Effects on nursing infant with some drugs

Front 79

True or False: (Routes of Excretion) Perspiration, saliva, tears, hair, skin – generally clinically significant

Back 79

False: Perspiration, saliva, tears, hair, skin – generally not clinically significant

Front 80

STUDY CARD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! TIME RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

Back 80

Therapeutic response most likely depends on concentration in the plasma. Minimum effective concentration – amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect. Therapeutic range – The range where drug produces its desired effect (goal of drug administration). Toxic concentration – level of drug results in serious adverse effects. Plasma half life (t1/2) – the length of time required for plasma concentration to decrease by one half after administration

Front 81

What is a steady state/ Repeated dose

Back 81

A drug has a stable concentration or a drug is administrated at the same rate at which it is eliminated

Front 82

____ provide plateau plasma level

Back 82

Repeated dosing

Front 83

What is pharmacodynamics?

Back 83

what the drug does to the body

Front 84

Pharmaco = ??????

????? = change

Back 84

➢Pharmaco = medicines
➢dynamics = change

Front 85

1._______ – activates receptors to cause a response
2.________ – binds to receptors to block a response

Back 85

1. Agonist (positive)

2. Antagonist (negative)

Front 86

True or false: Certain type of chemicals click into certain receptors to trigger a downstream molecular reactions.

Back 86

True

Front 87

_____ is the maximal response a drug can produce. (EXAMPLE) The drug morphine can make pt pain level drop 3/10 if you use a higher dose of other drug (opioids)

Back 87

Efficacy

Front 88

_____ addresses how much drug (concentration or dose) to administrate for eliciting a desired response (EXAMPlE) How much you give to pt. How much they use the drug. Admin of drug.

Back 88

Potency

Front 89

______ affect many different tissues or organs

Back 89

Nonselective

Front 90

_____ affect a small group of tissues or organs

Back 90

Selective

Front 91

_____ only act on certain specialized cells

Back 91

Highly selective

Front 92

_____ degree of attraction or binding between drug and receptor

Back 92

Affinity

Front 93

_____ ability to produce an effect

Back 93

Intrinsic Activity