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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The only flukicides available in the US:
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Albendazole and Clorsulon
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The flukicide available with the best efficacy:
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Triclabendazole
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Clonsantel
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-Highly effective for treatment of adult fluke and good activity against immature fluke
-Effective against certain nematodes and arthropods -Action: it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in liver fluke resulting in inhibition of ATP synthesis -Oral and injectable (s/c, i/m) forms -Excreted in the feces via the bile -AE: toxicity in ruminant include decreased vision or blindness, anorexia, incoordination and general weakness |
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What is Oxyclozanide active against?
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Fluke and tapeworm (Moniezia)
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Clorsulon
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-All products in combo with ivermectin
-Highly effective against adult liver fluke in cattle and sheep -Action: causes severe necrosis of the gut of trematodes -s/c admin -Elimination primarily by kidney -AE: very rare |
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Antiprotozoan drugs that can also be used as anthelmintics:
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Metronidazole
Benzimidazoles Tetracyclines Lincosamides Sulfonamides Amprolium Monensin Imidocarb |
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Amprolium
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-Used as preventative and treatment of coccidiosis (Eimeria) in poultry in the USA
-One of the most commonly administered antiprotozoal drugs -Not in ROI or UK -Can be used in cattle, dogs, or cats |
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Monensin
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-Alters how cations are transported across membranes
-Used to prevent coccidiosis in turkeys, chickens, and cattle -Used to prevent ketosis in cattle -Formulations: in feed & slow release ruminal bolus -Highly toxic to horses, donkeys, and guinea fowl --> acute myocardial and muscle degeneration, sweating, colic, ataxia, death |
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Imidocarb
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-Treatment of choice for Babesia infections in cattle, horses and dogs
-Causes alteration in number and size of nuclei and in morphology of cytoplasm. Binds to DNA and interferes with parasite replication -Normally given s/c -Excreted mainly via urine -AE: can induce cholinergic signs at high doses -Must notify the Vet Lead with the name and address of farmer/farm the product is being administered to. Must also notify if the animal is going to be slaughtered or if their milk will be used for human consumption. (UK) |
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Ways to administer ectoparasitics:
Which is most popular? |
Orally, synthetic polymers (collars), Topically
Topically is most popular but has the potential of being ingested, esp by cats!! |
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What are the potential pathways for mammalian skin absorption of ectoparasitics?
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-Intercellular
-Transcellular -Transfollicular (the presence of many hair follicles increases effective epidermal area) -Sweat pore route |
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Apparent dermal thickness between the species:
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Porcine > cattle > dogs > cats
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How do ectoparasitics get approval in the US?
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-US FDA: drugs given orally or topically but effects are systemic
-US EPA: evaluates agents applied topically, but exert their effects on the skin or around the farm premises |
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Do pesticides fall under AMDUCA?
Can they be used extra-labelly? |
-No, because pesticides are not drugs
-No, extralabel use is strongly prohibited |
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Organophosphates
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-Insecticidal, acaricidal, and anthelmintic
-Broad spectrum -They irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to accumulation of Ach, paralysis and death of the parasite -Formulations: topical sprays, dusts, pour-ons, spot-ons, sheep dip, ear tags in cattle, flea collars, mange shampoos -Highly lipid soluble - many will accumulate in fat and will be slowly released into the blood stream -AE: muscarinic and nicotinic effects --> lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypertension, effects on NMJ (muscle tremors, paresis, possible paralysis). -Chihauhaus are very sensitive and must not be used in them!!! Greyhounds and whippets are also sensitive -Cats are more sensitive than dogs to this drug -Atropine is a common treatment |
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Amitraz
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-Taktic
-Used to treat ticks, lice, and mites in dogs, pigs, cattle, sheep, and camels -Commonly used to treat demodectic mange in dogs and in tick collars -Lethal action due to inhibition of mixed function oxidases -AE: transient sedative effect. Also salivation and behavioral changes in cats. High doses (ingestion of collar i.e.) --> severe depression, polyuria, bradycardia -Should not be used in horses, chihuahuas, diabetic cats, puppies <12wks, pregnant/lactating ******* |
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Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
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-Very limited dermal absorption; chemicals tend to reside in outermost layer of skin with little or no penetration into systemic circulation
-Very lipophilic -Many products have 0 milk withdrawal -Rapid knock down of susceptible insects by slowing the kinectics of Na+ channels -AE: cats very sensitive --> hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures, death - |
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Examples of insect growth inhibitors:
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Lufenuron = indirectly inhibits chitin synthesis, disrupting cuticle formation. Ovicidal and larvicidal. Sustained exposure --> adulticidal. Flea must bite host to be affects! Drug accumulates in fat --> extends period of flea exposure. Injection in cat is effective for 6 months
Pyriproxifen = potent insect juvenile hormone mimetic. Ovicidal and larvicidal. Concentrates in female flea ovaries, causing non-viable eggs to be produced. Low toxicity in mammals. |
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Fipronil
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-Indicated for treatment of fleas, ticks, and chewing lice infestations in dogs/cats
-Also been used successfully for chigger infestation, sarcoptic mange, cheyletiellosis and otoacariosis -Interferes with the passage of chloride ions in channels, disrupting CNS activity causing death of the ADULT flea or tick -Drug apparently spreads over the entire body in 24hrs via translocation and remains confined to lipids of hair follicles and sebaceous glands of skins -NOT used in puppies/kittens < 8wks -Methoprene sometimes added to kill the eggs and larvae too. (growth regulator) |
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Nitenpyram
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-Oral form
-Considered very safe -Primarily used as a flea adulticide in dogs and cats (may also have efficacy for maggots) -Enters the systemic circulation of the adult flea after consuming blood from a treated animals and causes paralysis and death of flea -99% efficacy, kills fleas within 3-6hrs, but effects not persistant -AE: pet may scratch more due to reaction of fleas to product; panting vocalization, excessive grooming |
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Spinosad
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-Oral flea adulticide for dogs and cats
-Rapid action - begins w/i 30 min, and complete w/i 4hrs -Indicated for the prevention and treatment of flea infestations on dogs and cats for one month -Contains 2 macrocyclic lactones -Prolonged exposure causes paralysis and death of flea -AE: common in dogs and cats- vomiting (first 48hrs after dosing), common in cats- diarrhea and anorexia -If you use it with ivermectin, both are substrates for the P-glycoprotein efflux pump so you are likely to get signs of ivermectin toxicity!! |
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Acyclovir
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-Used primarily in birds for Pacheco's disease
-May be useful in cats for Herpes infection -Reported successful for treating equine sarcoids (bovine papillomavirus types 1&2) -Widely distributed throught body tissues and fluids, including the brain, semen, placent, and CSF -AE: inflammation of the veins (thrombophlebitis), acute renal failure, GI disturbances |
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Zidovudine
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-Retrovir
-May be useful for treating feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV) -Can improve clinical signs, may not alter the natural course of disease (improve life, but not lifespan!) -Largely experimental!!!! -Drug is widely distributed, including into the CSF -AE: reductions in RBCs, PCV, and hemoglobin are the most common. Anemia, diarrhea, weakness |
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Amantadine and Rimantadine
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-Almost becoming routine, esp in cat practice
-Antiviral activity against a narrow range of RNA viruses including Influenza A |
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Interferon 2-omega
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-Feline recombinant interferon
-Vet authorized -Used to reduce mortality and clinical signs of parvovirus in dogs from 1 mo of age. -Used to treat cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in non-terminal cats from 9wks old -AE: common- hyperthermia 3-6hrs after injection. Transitory vomiting. Soft feces and fatigue in cats |
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Filgrastim: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
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-Used to enhance bone marrow granulopoiesis
-Stimulates neutrophil production -Increases proliferation, differentiation, activation of progenitor cells in the neutrophil-granulocyte line -AE: may cause severe neutropenia by mounting an immune response against both endogenously produced and exogenously administerd G-CSF. |
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Inactivated parapoxvirus ovis (ORF)
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-Zylexis for horses
-Immunomodulator that stimulates the horse's immune response (stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes and increases the produciton of IFNy in vivo to aid in the reduction of equine upper respiratory disease associated with EHV-1 and/or EHV-4 infections -A potential application of immunomodulators is to treat clinically normal resident horses prior to the return of tranling horses that may have been exposed to EHV |
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Mineralocorticoids
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-Aldosterone
-They are important in maintaining electrolyte homeostasis |
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Glucocorticoids
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-Cortisol
-Play significant roles in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, the immune response, and the response to stress -Endogenously derived from the adrenal cortex -Used for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects -Binding causes an increase in DNA transcription |
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Corticosteroid Binding Globulin
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Delivers drugs to cells
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Metabolic/Physiological effects of Corticosteroids
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-Gluconeogenesis
-Increased hepatic storage of glycogen; reduction in the uptake of glucose by tissues (hyperglycemia) -Protein catabolism -Reduced protein synthesis and catabolism -Lipolysis -Mobilization of FAs and redistribution of fat (characteristic look of bigger around the middle and skinny legs) |
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Corticosteroids
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REDUCTION IN:
-Capillary blood flow --> edema -Vasoproliferation -Platelet aggregation -Fibrin deposition -Fibroblast proliferation and formation of collagen -Inflammatory function of leukocytes |
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Clinical indications of corticosteroids
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-Reduce inflammatory response
-Immune-mediated disease (auto-immune --> immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated polyarthritis, autoimmune skin disease (Lupus), IBD) -Neoplasia |
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Among the synthetic corticoids, which binds specifically and with high affinity to CBG?
What are other synthetic compounds mainly bound to? |
Prednisolone
Albumin |
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Adverse effects of Corticosteroids
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-Polyuria, polydipsea, and polyphagia
-Suppression of HPA axis - following cessation of treatment animals can display symptoms of adrenal insufficiency -Deposition of calciumin the skin -Can cause early parturition or abortion in late pregnancy -May delay wound healing --> corneal ulcers -May exasterbate existing infections |
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When does the endogenous cortisol levels of dogs and cats peak?
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-Dogs: in the morning
-Cats: in the evening |
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Drug interactions with Corticosteroids
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-Vaccinations, particularly live, rendered ineffective
-NSAIDS increase likelihood of ulcers -Increase insulin requirements with conccurent glucocorticoid therapy -Therapeutic effects of some barbituates may be reduced |
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NSAIDS
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-Non-narcotic agents which have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties
-Inhibit one or more steps in the metabolism of arachidonic acid -Act primarily to reduce the biosynthesis of protaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) |
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What are responsible for hyperalgesia?
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Prostaglandings and leukotrienes
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Clinical applications for NSAIDS
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-Fever
-Analgesia -Visceral pain -Musculoskeletal pain Not necessary listed in indications: -Against tumors that depend on COX-2 activity -Reduce platelet aggregation - used to prevent thromboembolism -Management of endotoxic shock, particularly in cattle |
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Adverse effects of NSAIDS
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-GIT damage and Renal damage most common
-Coagulation disorders -Allergic responses -Hepatotoxicity |
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One of the earliest analgesics made available for farm animals:
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Flunixin
(It is not COX selective) |
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One of the first NSAIDS made available in vet med:
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Phenylbutazone
-Not a specific COX inhibitor -other drugs besides this are better for dogs and cats |
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Specific drug interactions with Phenylbutazone:
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-Re-induction of anesthesia has been observed in horses
-Significantly reduces the distribution and elimination of a single intravous bolus of gentamicin in horse -May cause falsely low T3 and T4 values in dogs |
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Unapproved NSAIDS in vet med:
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Ibuprofen
Paracetamol |
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Cylosporin
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-Atopica
-Immunosuppressant used in dogs and cats to treat atopic dermatitis (allergy reaction) -Exerts anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects -Preferentially inhibits the activation of T-lymphocytes -Few side effects |
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Maximum residue limit
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The maximum concentration of residue following administration of a vet med which is legally permitted or acceptable in food
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Group A substances (for MRL)
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-Include known carcinogens
-Include substances having an anabolic effect and unauthorized substances -Regarded as having potential health effects at any level in food and hence NO MRLs are established for them!! |
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Group B substances (for MRL)
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-Include veterinary drugs and contaminants
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Regulations for MRLs
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-Prohibit the sale, possession or admin to animals of specified unauthorized substances
-Prohibit the possession, slaughter or processing of the meat of animals intended for human consumption which contain or have been administered with specified unauthorized substances -Prohibit the sale/supply for slaughter of animals if the appropriate withdrawal period has not expired -Empowers officers to inspect and examine animals and property for illegal substances -Makes requirements for keeping records of admin of vet meds -Permits the enforcement authority to presecute breaches and enact penalties |
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Casualty slaughter
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Relates to animals suffering from more chronic conditions (mastitis or chronic arthritis) and have a high probability of having recently been given an animal remedy
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