Pharmocology - Adverse Reactions

Front 1

Def of Adverse Reaction

Back 1

Response to a drug that is...
- not desired
- potentially harmful
and
- occurs at usual theraputic dose.

Front 2

Why do adverse rxns occur?

Back 2

Drugs cause the disired effect,
but the lack absolute specificity.

Many different organs & tissues are affected.

Front 3

__to__% of patients are admitted due to adverse rxns

Back 3

5-10% of patients are admitted due to adverse rxns

Front 4

Common adverse rxns seen in dental offices....(2)

Back 4

1) Gingival enlargement

2) Xerostomia

Front 5

Categories of Adverse Reactions (5)

Back 5

1) Toxic rxn

2) Side effect

3) Idiosyncratic rxn

4) Drug allergy

5) Interference w/ natural defense mechanisms

Front 6

Def of Toxic Reaction

Back 6

Amount of desired effects of a drug is excessive

Front 7

Def of Side Effect

Back 7

Dose related reaction not part of desired therepeutic outcome;
Occurs when drug acts on non-target organs

Front 8

Def of Idiosyncratic Reaction
Example

Back 8

Genetically related abnormal drug response;
Neither the drug's side effect, nor allergic rxn.

EX. Eskimos metabolize certain drugs faster

Front 9

Def of Drug Allergy

Back 9

Immunologic response to drug resulting in rxn;

Most commonly rash or anaphylaxis.

Not predictable or dose related.

Front 10

Allergic rxns account for less than __% of all adverse rxns

Back 10

Allergic rxns account for less than 5% of all adverse rxns

Front 11

Def of
Interference w/ Natural Defense Mechanisms

Back 11

Drugs that lower immune response & ability to fight infection.

Front 12

Def of Teratogenicity

Back 12

Producing a malformed fetus

Front 13

FDA Pregnancy Catigories pertaining to drugs
- list 5
- which is least teratogenic?
- which is never to be used?

Back 13

"A" - least teratogenic
"B"
"C"
"D"
"X" - never to be used on pregnant women due to defects.

Front 14

List drug used in dentistry that are generally safe for pregnant women (4)

Back 14

1) penicillin

2) erythromycin

3) acetaminophen

4) lidocaine

Front 15

List drugs to be avoided during pregnancy (2)

Back 15

1) tetracycline

2) NSAIDs

Front 16

Def of Hypersensitivity

Back 16

Immune system reponds to the drug.

Drug acts like antigen.

Reacts w/ antibody

Patient has to be prviously sensitized.

Front 17

Hypersensitivity triggers...

Back 17

a series of biochemical and physiolofic events

Front 18

Is hypersensitivity life threatening?

Back 18

Could be life threatening

Front 19

How many types of drug allergies are there?

Back 19

4 Types of Drug Alergies

Front 20

Drug Allergy Type I
and Example

Back 20

Immediate anaphylactic, mediated by IgE antibodies.

Characterized by hypotension, bronchospasm, & laryngeal edema

Ex. Penicillin allergy

Front 21

Drug Allergy Type II

Back 21

Cytotoxic, mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies

Antigen-antibody complex is fixed toa circulating blood cell causing lysis (death of blood cell)

Front 22

Drug Allergy Type III
- Rxn
- Example

Back 22

immune complex, mediated by IgG antibodies

Deposits in the vascular endothelium

Rxn - Skin eruptions, arthritis, lymphadenopathy

Ex. penicillin and sulfonamides

Front 23

Drug Allergy Type IV
and Example

Back 23

delayed, mediated by T-lymphocytes

Cells in contact w/ the antigen undergoes a inflammatory rxn

Ex. contact dermititis & topical application of medications

Front 24

Def of LD 50

Back 24

Dose that kills 50% of animals

Front 25

Def of ED 50

Back 25

Dose that creates the desired effect in 50% of animals

Front 26

LD 50 and ED 50 are the __________ _________.

Back 26

LD 50 and ED 50 are the therepeutic index.

Front 27

Drugs with a HIGH or LOW TI (therepeutic index) are safer???

Back 27

Drugs with a HIGH therepeutic index are safer???