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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disrupts cross linkage of peptidoglycan polymers
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Penicillin
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Used to increase the spectrum of activity of various penicillins
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Beta-lactamase inhibitors
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Used to treat primarily Gram +
-Suseptible to beta-lactamase |
Natural Penicillins
Penicillin G |
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Similar to natural penicillins plus are resistant to penicillinase
-Widely used against penicillinase producing Staphylococci |
B-lactamase resistant Penicillin
Methicillin |
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Improved activity against Gram + and - relative to natural penicillins.
-Suseptible to B-lactamase |
Extended spectrum Penicillin
Amoxicillin |
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Adverse effects of Penicillin
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Allergies
Cross-reactance with most B-lactam antibiotics |
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Effective against penicillinase producse S. aureus
Used in patients who exhibit delayed penicillin allergy Range in spectrum of action (across generations) |
Cephalosporins
Cefazolin (Primarily Gram+) |
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Adverse effects of Cephalosporins
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Nephrotoxicity
Hypersensitivity Reactions Cross-reactions b/t cephalosporins and penicillins --> contraindicated in those with penicillin anaphylaxis |
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Effective against Gram - bacteria (including those that produce B-lactamase)
Patients who are allergice to Penicillins and Cephalosporins are generally ok with these |
Monobactams
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Very broad spectrum of activity (Both Gram + and -)
Very resistant to B-lactamase |
Carbapenems
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Non B-lactam Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitor
Active only against Gram + Useful for treatment of MRSA Used to treat staph. infections in those allergic to penicillin and cephalosporins |
Vancomycin
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Prevents translocation of tRNA from the A site to the P site
Extended spectrum Very active against Gram + and some Gram - BACTERIOSTATIC **Used to replace B-lactam antibiotics for allergic individuals -Resistance: Macrolide efflux pump, hydrolysis of drug, modification of ribosomal subunit |
Macrolides
Clarithromycin |
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Broad spectrum active against Gram + and -
BACTERIOSTATIC -Resistance: reduced permeability of cell membrane, hydrolysis of drug, modification of ribsomal subunit |
Clindamycin
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GI disturbances are fairly frequent
Antibiotic-induced diarrhea in up to 20% of patients |
Clindamycin
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Bind to 30s and directly blocks the binding of tRNA to the acceptor site
Broad spectrum Very active against Gram + and - BACTERIOSTATIC **Resistance: Efflux pumps ONE OF THE MOST LIKELY ANTIBIOTICS TO CAUSE A SUPERINFECTION |
Tetracyclines
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Inhibits bone growth
Permanently discolors teeth Superinfection -Broad Spectrum -Orally administered -Incompletely absorbed |
Adverse effects Tetracyclines
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BACTERICIDAL
Inhibits ribosomal function by blocking initiation of subunits and translocation. Causes miscoding in peptide chain Most effective against Gram -, limited activity against Gram + Commonly administered w/ cell wall inhibitors (B-lactam) |
Aminoglycosides
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Auditory/vestibular toxicity almost always
Nephrotoxicity (8-20%) Neuromuscular Blockade |
Adverse Effects of Aminoglycosides
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Inhibition of DNA integrity
Prodrug BACTERICIDAL Concentration-dependent Active against obligate anaerobes only Active against both Gram + and - Used to treat antibiotic-induced diarrhea |
Metroidazole
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Inhibition of DNA transcription
Inhibits DNA gyrase BATERICIDAL Can treat eukaryotic bacteria (no DNA gyrase) with high doses Most effective orally admin. drugs for a wide variety of infections (UTI & Traveler's diarrhe) |
Quinolones
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Can destroy cartilage in young people
Not used in children under 17 or during pregnancy |
Quinolones
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Suseptible to B-lactamase
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Natural and Extended Spec. Penicillin
Cephalosporins |
