Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Bacteriocidal |
kills bacterial growth |
|
|
Bacteriostatic |
inhibits bacterial growth |
|
|
Antimicrobial |
*drugs used to counteract infections *chemical substance with the capacity and diluted solution to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes |
|
|
Goal for antimicrobials |
overall: render microbe helpless in pharmacology: administer medications without causing harm |
|
|
Classes of antimicrobials |
*antibiotic *antifungal *antiviral *antiprotozoal *antiparasitic |
|
|
Antibiotics |
work only on bacteria and are described by their spectrum of action |
|
|
Narrow-spectrum antibiotic |
only works on gram + or gram - but not both |
|
|
Broad-spectrum antibiotic |
works on both gram + & gram - but not necessarily all |
|
|
R |
Resistant; bacteria survives; resistant to bacteria |
|
|
I |
Intermediate; may or may not work |
|
|
S |
Sensitive; definitely works! |
|
|
MIC |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; lowest concentration of particular antibiotic that visually inhibits growth of bacteria |
|
|
Antibiotic resistance |
we build this; bacteria will survive & continue to multiply; bacteria evolves and changes strains |
|
|
Antibiotic Residue |
presence of chemicals or metabolites in food products |
|
|
Withdrawal Time |
how long animal has to be off certain medication before human consumption |
|
|
5 ways antibiotics work |
*inhibition of cell wall synthesis *damage to cell membrane *inhibition of protein synthesis *interference with metabolism *impairment of nucleic acids production |
|
|
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
inhibit/destroys cell wall without harming the animal; only happen when bacteria is growing and developing |
|
|
Damage to cell membrane |
antibiotics alter membrane permeability of bacteria and allow substances to go in and out and kill bacteria |
|
|
Inhibition of protein synthesis |
don't allow protein chains to link; production is halted |
|
|
Interference with metabolism |
antibiotics block central nutrients and enzymes, causing inability to divide and then die off |
|
|
impairment of nucleic acids production |
same as protein synthesis; interfere with production of nucleic acids; can't divide; causes death |
|
|
Cell Wall Agents |
*Bacteriocidal *most toxic to animals *Use caution *Penicillin *Cephalosporin *Bacitracin *Vancomycin *Others |
|
|
Cell Membrane Agents |
*kill or inhibit
*Polymyxin B |
|
|
Penicillin |
*ID'd by -cillin suffix *Natural and/or semisynthetic *Active against gram + and gram - (broad spectrum) |
|
|
General Info about Penicillin |
*Oral = refrigerate for 14 days *most used better injectably (non oral) parentally *Oral & injectable available *Read labels first *spectrum of action depends on type *storage depends on type *Absorbed faster *Water based *Most common side effect = hypersensitivity *Created in 1928 *On the market in 1941 *Betalactamase *potentiated *Can cause fatal diarrhea in guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits b/c antibiotics kill off GI Flora |
|
|
Which Penicillin is not given on an empty stomach? |
Amoxicillin |
|
|
Natural Penicillins |
Penicillin G and Penicillin V |
|
|
Broad Spectrum Penicillins |
*semi-synthetic *Slowly excreted by kidneys *Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, & Piperacillin |
|
|
Pencillin G |
*Most commonly used *Narrow spectrum *excreted unchanged in urine (good for UTIs) *2 types: Procaine and Benzathine *Rapid absorption depending on route given; avg. 20 mins. |
|
|
Procaine |
24 hour duration when given right by IM |
|
|
Benzathine |
5 day duration when given right by IM |
|
|
Penicillin V |
*Narrow spectrum *given non-parental (oral) in tab or powder form *absorbs well in GI tract |
|
|
Side effects for Penicillin G and V |
*Hypersensitivity *anorexia *vomiting *diarrhea |
|
|
Amoxicillin |
*Given w/ food *common for all infections *oral or injectable types *absorbed quick when given oral *common in small animal medicine |
|
|
Ampicillin |
*Closely related to Amoxicillin *common in large animal and in foals w/ septic joints *most common as injectable *used for HGE in this program; good for intestines |
|
|
Beta-Lactamase Resistant Pencillin |
*slim-use *narrow-spectrum *last resort *don't want bacteria to become resistant to this *Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, & cloxacillin |
|
|
Potentiated Penicillin |
*Light & air sensitive *work together *2 drugs comb. to enhance effects of both drugs *Clavamox *common in small animal for soft tissue, UTI, RI, wound infection, etc. *will tolerate w/ few side effects *not cheapest alternative |
|
|
Cephalosporin |
*Identified by the ceph- or cef- prefix *broad spectrum *semisynthetic *Structurally related to Penicillin *used in all types of infections *multiple types & changes every day *Used when Penicillin doesn't work *no good GI absorption; better given as injection *SE: anorexia, V/D: esp. on an empty stomach *can cross placental barrier *older first generation begins with ceph- *newer first generation begins with cef- |
|
|
Four Generations of Cephalosporin |
1st: Cephalexin & others 2nd: Cefoxitin & others 3rd: Cefovecin & others 4th: cefepime & others |
|
|
Bacitracin |
*Disrupts bacterial cell wall & effective against primarily gram + bacteria *Nephrotoxicity *Polypeptide antibiotics *No beta-lactamase *Topical or occular/opthalmic *Feed additive in large animal because poorly absorbed in GI tract to control pathogens |
|
|
Vancomycin |
*Rarely used in vet medicine *Can treat resistant infections *glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic *mainly gram + & very effective against staph and strep organisms *Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, & pain @ injection site |
|
|
Polymyxin B |
*Disrupts bacterial cell membrane and effective against primarily gram - bacteria *Nephrotoxicity *most often combined w/ Neomycin & Bacitracin *Wide-spectrum *Topical |
|
|
Protein Synthesis Drugs |
inhibits protein synthesis for cell to die |
|
|
Aminoglycoside |
*ID'd by -micin or -mycin *bactericidal *Broad-spectrum (gram -) *sometimes see other drugs ending w/ same suffix, don't confuse *not absorbed well by GI tract so typically given topically *severe nephrotoxic & ototoxic reactions *recommend lab work before giving *not approved in food producing animals *injectable: do not comb. w/ Penicillin b/c it deactivates Penicillin *treats systemic infections; great against multiplying microorganisms *if must give orally to an animal w/ a gastric problem, the medicine will absorb better |
|
|
Examples of Aminoglycosides |
*Gentamicin *Neomycin *Amikacin *Tobramycin |
|
|
Gentamicin |
*more commonly used w/ comb. of other drugs *rapid response *similar in action to Penicillin & Cephlosporins *commonly used in ears or as injectable (IM or IV) in vet medicine *not labeled for swine usage |
|
|
Neomycin |
*Commonly used in comb. w/ other drugs *given opthalmic or orally *Oral has very slow response |
|
|
Amikacin |
*Tx severe infections in large animal *not recommended for oral because doesn't absorb well *Nephrotoxic concerns - don't use in renal failure or renal insuficiency |
|
|
Tobramycin |
*Similar in action to Amikacin or Gentamicin *Given topically &/or in comb. with other drugs *Treats soft tissue infections and pneumonia *Injectable, oral, & nebulized (inhalant) forms |
|
|
Tetracycline (class) |
*ID'd by -cycline *Bacteriostatic *Broad spectrum *treats Rickettsial substances like Mycoplasma, Erhlichia, & Lyme Disease *Nephro- & Oto- toxic concerns *orals & injectables available *little metabolism *binds to Calcium causing side effects *Don't give w/ antacids & anti-diarrhea *Caution in puppies w/ growing bones *Discoloration in teeth *don't use in pregnant or growing animals *orally in ruminants is absorbed poorly and depresses ruminal microflora activity *Injectable causes tissue necrosis to injection site in ruminants *SE: Nausea, V/D, possible renal damage, anaphylaxsis, hypotension, and shock |
|
|
Tetracycline (drug) |
*treats respiratory infections, bacterialenteritis, &/or UTI's *Most common in large animal *short-acting, water-soluble drug |
|
|
Oxytetracycline |
*infections of organs or tissues caused by tetracycline sensitive strains Ex: Anaplasmosis *large animal medicine *short-acting, water-soluble |
|
|
Doxycycline |
*Drug of choice for tick-borne disease *Sometimes given before beginning heartworm treatment *More effective than enterofloxacine (Baytril) when treating Erhlichia *much better tissue perfusion than tetracycline & oxytetracycline *Safe w/ little to no side effects *long-acting, lipid soluble |
|
|
Chloramphenicol |
*Bacteriostatic *Broad spectrum (Gram + & -) *Very toxic, rapidly absorbed through tissues & fluids including the eye and CNS *2nd line drug *Potential for bone marrow supression *banned by FDA in food producing animals *Must wear all PPE when handling b/c it can cause aplastic anemia in humans *SE: Bone marrow supression, anorexia, V/D |
|
|
Florfenicol |
*Bacteriostatic *Broad spectrum *Nuflor - brand name *Common in large animal for bovine respiratory disease *W/D times required if sent to slaughter *Not approved for use in breeding cattle *SE: inappetince, diarrhea, polydypsea, decreased water consumption |
|
|
Macrolide |
*Bactericidal or bacteriostatic *broad spectrum *not comb. w/ chloramphenicol or lincosamides |
|
|
Erythromycin |
*Bactericidal or bacteriostatic *combined with other drugs *good for infections resistant to Penicllin &/or allergic to Penicillin class or like drugs *Oral & ointments available *SE: V/D, abdominal pain, & anorexia |
|
|
Lincosamides |
*Bactericidal or bacteriostatic *recommended for abscesses and dental infections *example: clindamycin |
|
|
Tylosin |
*Similar to Erythromycin *used in livestock except horses *causes fatal diarrhea in equine *oral & injectable & feed/water additives available *Allergic to this means the animal is allergic to all macrolides |
|
|
Tilmicosin |
*Used ONLY for bovine & ovine resp. disease *28 day W/D time *Fatal if given IV *injectable used in horse, goat, pig, & primates (humans) can be fatal *causes lethal cardiovascular activity to them *single low dose injection can last 3 days *SE: tachycardia & swelling @ injection site |
|
|
Clindamycin |
*K9 & feline deep pyoderma, osteomyelitis, wound infections, & resp. tract infections *similar in action to Macrolides *Injectable & oral forms *oral can cause diarrhea, enteritis, & death in equine & ruminants *Oral has a bitter taste *watch for cats and their gag reflex *oral form is in amber bottles due to being light sensitive *don't use in neonates b/c they can't metabolize *SE: V/D |
|
|
Examples of Tetracyclines |
*Tetracycline *Oxytetracycline *Doxycycline |
|
|
Examples of Macrolides |
*Erythromycin *Tylosin *Tilmicosin |
|
|
Antimetabolite Agents |
depriving bacteria of essential material, mostly folic acid, needed for bacterial metabolism |
|
|
Nucleic Acid Agents |
Inhibit nucleic acid enzymes |
|
|
Misc. Group |
Nitrofurans Nitroimidazole Rifamycin - Rifampin is common name |
|
|
Example of Antimetabolite Agent |
Sulfonamide |
|
|
Examples of Nucleic Acid Agents |
*Quinolones *Newer generation - Fluoroquinolone |
|
|
Sulfonamide |
*1st antibacterial drug *Bacteriostatic or, if potentiated, bacericidal *broad spectrum *oldest & most used *synthetic antimicrobial *also an anti-inflammatory *well distributed throughout the body *Common in large animal because cheap *don't give w/ antacids *ineffective in presence of pus & necrotic tissue so best used in earlier infections *SE: crystal uria, dry-eye in dogs, skin rashes, blood imbalances, increased salivation in cats *Systemic: absorbed by GI tract & penetrates tissue including Cerebral Spinal Fluid *Enteric: stays in GI tract *Monitoring is required |
|
|
Sulfadimethozine |
*Albon *most commonly used for intestinal infections - mainly coccidia *has been used for pneumonia, soft tissue trauma, or UTI's *K9s more sensitive - esp. Dobermans *rarely used alone *resistance can occur |
|
|
SMZTMP |
*potentiated *common in large animal |
|
|
Examples of Sulonamides |
*Sulfadimethoxine *SMZTMP |
|
|
Examples of Quinolones |
*Enrofloxacin *Orbifloxacin *Ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Quinolones |
*bactericidal *broad spectrum (gram + and -) *rapidly absorbed in tissues & fluids after oral or parental administration *Synthetic antimicrobial *Indicated in animals to treat local and systemic infections *Very safe drug but can cause bubble-like cartilage lesions in growing dogs *@ high doses - can cause quinolone induced blindness in cats *usage in pregnant animals should be avoided b/c it is teterogenic (birth defect causing) *FDA inhibits extra label use in food producing animals *use when all other antibiotics failed to maintain non-resistance to super infections *Food, mineral supplements, & antacids can impair absorption |
|
|
Enrofloxacin |
*bactericidal *broad spectrum *treat bacterial infections i.e. skin, soft tissue, & some forms of bovine respiratory *may be used to treat Rickettsial agents but not Erhlichia spp. *minimal SE *expensive *large animal vets won't use in food producing animals |
|
|
Orbifloxacin |
*Orbax *Morbafloxin for cat abscesses *will treat pseudomonas spp. *avoid use in young because risk cartilage injury *K9 & feline: used for skin infections, UTI's, and Soft Tissue infections *Equine: used for Soft tissue infections *may cause CNS toxicity |
|
|
Ciprofloxacin |
*bactericidal *Baytril metabolizes into a form of Ciprofloxacin *treats respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections *don't give w/ vitamin & mineral supplements *may be used extra-label *minimal side effects: V/D, drowsiness |
|
|
Nitrofurans |
*Nitrofurazone
*broad spectrum *soft tissue and urinary tract infections *excreted unchanged in urine *widely used in large animal medicine *rapidly eliminated from body *Short therapeutic Index range *FDA banned in food producing animals because has carcinogenic residue in animal tissue *banned May 7, 2002 *must wear PPE *commonly used extra label in large animal *SE: GI & liver disturbances |
|
|
Nitromidazole |
*Metronidazole *drug of choice for k9 diarrhea *as a class it is well absorbed after oral administration *don't use in pregnant animals *antibacterial & antiprotozoal *Flagyl in humans *Flagyl is used off-label *Treat intestinal problems & diarrhea *safe in k9, feline, & horse w/ little to no SE *SE: anorexia, V/D, neurologic signs |
|
|
Rifamycin |
*Rifampin *broad spectrum *potentiated w/ Erythromycin commonly *great Tx for rhodococcus in equine and primarily foals, also used for pneumonia *reddish color body fluids: urine, tears, etc. so warn owners when prescribing, esp. white animals |
