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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The word "pharmacology" came from Greek words meaning?
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medicine and study
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Pharmacology began with the use of plants, also known as what?
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"Materia Medica"
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The term "Pharmacology was 1st used in text in what year and by whom?
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1693 Samuel Dale
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In what year did which gentleman extract morphine from opium and inject himself and 3 friends with a massive dose, and survive it?
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Fredrick Serturner in 1805
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What happened in Estonia in the year 1847?
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The first department of pharmacology was established.
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Why did pharmacology come about?
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To prevent suffering.
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Who was John Jacob Abel?
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He is the father of American Pharmacology.
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Who founded the first pharmacology dept. in the US, and in what year?
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John Jacob Abel in 1890
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In what location was the first pharmacology dept. founded?
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At the University of Michigan in 1890.
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Relating to pharmacology, what is the most common cause of harm to our patients?
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Meds used improperly.
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All medications are potentially fatal. T or F
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True.
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Branch of medicine to relieve suffering and disease prevention
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Therapeutics
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Application of drugs for disease prevention and relief of suffering
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Pharmacotherapy
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A chemical agent before it is administered.
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A drug
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Chemical agent that has been given.
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Medication
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Naturally produced agents (hormones, antibodies)
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Biologics
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OTC means...
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Over the counter
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What is a formulary?
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It is a list of drugs and their recipes.
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In what year was the first law established against selling non-tested drugs?
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1938
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In 1912, which amendment prohibited the sale of drugs labeled with false therapeutic claims that were intended to defraud the consumer?
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The Shirley Amendement
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In what year was the Shirley amendment passed that prohibited the sale of drugs labeled w. false therapeutic claims that were intended to defraud the consumer?
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1912
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What is the Pure Food and Drug act, and when was it established?
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The Pure Food and Drug act of 1906 gave the government power to control labeling of medicines.
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When and who made the first law preventing the sale of drugs that had not been thoroughly rested before marketing?
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In 1938, Congress passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDA)
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In what year was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officially established as an agency of the US department of Health and Human Services?
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1988
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In what year did Congress pass the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, and what was it used for?
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1994. This was an attempt to control misleading industry claims.
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What is the Center for Drug Evaluation & Research (CDER)?
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They control with prescription and OTC drugs can be used for therapy; they keep dangerous drugs off the market. They decide if a certain drug can be used in the US.
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What is the center for Biologic Evaluation & Research (CBER)?
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They regulate vaccines, blood, and serums.
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In 1986, what act authorized the FDA to acquire information, and to recommend civil penalties if guidelines regarding biologics were not followed?
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The Childhood Vaccine Act
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Which center in the FDA monitors and regulates herbal supplements?
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
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In 1912, which amendment prohibited the sale of drugs labeled with false therapeutic claims that were intended to defraud the consumer?
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The Shirley Amendement
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In what year was the Shirley amendment passed that prohibited the sale of drugs labeled w. false therapeutic claims that were intended to defraud the consumer?
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1912
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What is the Pure Food and Drug act, and when was it established?
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The Pure Food and Drug act of 1906 gave the government power to control labeling of medicines.
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When and who made the first law preventing the sale of drugs that had not been thoroughly rested before marketing?
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In 1938, Congress passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDA)
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In what year was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officially established as an agency of the US department of Health and Human Services?
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1988
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What are the 4 approval stages for therpeutic and biologic drugs?
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4 Phases
1. Preclinical investigation 2. Clinical investigation 3. Review of the New Drug Application (NDA) 4. Postmarketing surveillance |
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About how long does the Preclinical Investigation take?
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Can take up to 3 years
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Animal studies are performed during which stage of the approval process?
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During the preclinical investigation.
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What is the longest part in the approval process, and how long does it take?
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Longest part of approval process
Can take up to 10 years Average is 5 years |
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Once a drug is in the clinical phase, who begins to name the drug?
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Person with the most $$.
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During the clinical stage, once the drug is considered safe for use, people start to show up for trials. T or F
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True
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At what point in the approval process would one submit an NDA (New Drug Application) application?
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During the clinical trials, before being able to move to step II.
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The FDA has how long to initially review the application by law?
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6 months
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What is the last stage in the FDA approval process, and what occurs during that time?
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This is the stage where we mass market. We look for any harmful effects in a large population.
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When a drug is on the market, the benefits must always outweigh the risks. T or F
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True
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If something goes wrong with a drug while on the market, the FDA has the power to immediately pull product off the shelves. T or F
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True
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What is the Prescription User Fee act, and when was it first negotiated?
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Due to the cost ($802 million) to bring a drug to market and the lengthy waiting time for the approval process, the Prescription Drug User Fee act (1992-1996) was negotiated. Over a 5-year period, manufacturers provide a yearly product fee that goes to fund more personnel and restructuring in the approval departments. This decreases the time needed to reach approval status
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What is therapeutic classification?
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how it’s useful in treatment of a disease (usually too broad to really learn the drug)
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What is a Pharmacologic classification?
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the way it works at a molecular or system level (more specific)
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Mechanism of Action is
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HOW a drug produces its effect in the body.
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Give an example of a prototype drug name.
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Viagra
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What is a prototype?
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A drug that is well understood in the classification
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What is the chemical name?
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It's usually the formula, and hard to pronounce.
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What is the name of a drug with different types of active ingredients in one pill?
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Combination drug
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How is a generic drug name assigned, and by who?
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Usually less complicated than the chemical names
Assigned by the US Adopted Name Council |
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How long will the first trade company have the rights to the new drug?
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17 years after a NDA is submitted.
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What is bioavailability?
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The ability for a drug to reach its target cell and produce it's effect.
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What is the name of a list that pharmacists may not dispense as generic drugs?
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The negative formulary list.
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What is a physiologic or psychologic need for a substance?
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Dependence
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heroin, lsd, weed, and meth are part of which scheduled drug number?
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1
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What are some drugs in drug schedule 2?
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morphine, pcp, cocaine, mathadone, and methamphetamine.
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anabolic steroids, codeine, and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol belong to which scheduled drug number?
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3
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Which level of scheduled drugs has the lowest potential for abuse?
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V
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Controlled drugs are counted at the end of every shift. T or F
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True
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means ‘medicine’ & ‘movement/motion’
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Pharmacokinetics
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Movement of a substance from its site of administration, across body membranes, to circulating fluids.
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Absorption
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Transport of pharmacologic agents throughout the body.
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distribution
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Drugs that are too large to cross capillary membranes and thus, not available for distribution to body tissues.
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Drug-protein complexes
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What is the pH in the stomach? Acid or base?
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Acid
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The bone marrow, teeth, eyes, and adipose tissue have an especially ________for certain meds.
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affinity, or attraction
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The blood brained barrier and the fatal-placental barrier have what in common?
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They both possess special barriers that prevent many chemicals and meds from entering.
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What is cytochrome P-450?
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an enzyme in the liver that can inactivate and accelerate the excretion of drugs.
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a drug that has no pharmacologic activity unless they are first metabolized to their active form in the body are called
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prodrugs
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When a drug increases the liver synthesize and might require patient to receive a higher dose of a med, it's called
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enzyme induction
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During metabolism, the addition of a certain drug chain can make drugs more water soluble and more easily excretes by the kidneys.
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conjugates
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Drugs that are rendered inactive by hepatic metabolic reactions are related to which term?
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first pass effect
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What are some alternate routes to avoid the first pass-effect on a medication?
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sublingual, rectal, or parenteral routes.
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What is the primary site of excretion in the body?
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Kidneys
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Free drugs, water-soluble agents, electrolytes, and small molecules are easily filtered at the
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glomerulus
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After filtration at the renal corpuscle, chemicals and drugs are subjected to the process of reabsorption in the
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renal tubule
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biliary excretion
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Drugs secreted in the bile
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The time that it takes for the plasma concentration of a med to decrease by one half after administration
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plasma half-life
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the amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect
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minimum effective concentration
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the level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects
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toxic concentration
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The plasma drug concentration between the minimum and effective concentration and the toxic concentration
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therapeutic range
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When a higher amount of a drug is given, usually once or twice to prime the bloodstream with a sufficient level of drug.
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Loading dose
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A type of dose given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range.
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Maintenance dose
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a drug that has no pharmacologic activity unless it is first matebolized to its active form.
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prodrugs
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What different type of means would the a drug needing to get through the lipid bilayer use?
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It would try to bind to receptors, or maybe activate a 2nd messenger within the cell.
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How the drug (agent) is transported through the body to the system
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distribution
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Chemical conversion of a drug to a form the body can access and then eliminate
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Metabolism
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What are the sites of metabolism?
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The liver-primary site for majority
Kidney Cells |
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What are some factors that can hinder excretion?
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Renal or Liver failure
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Explain renal route of excretion.
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most of excretion starts at the glomerulus and if they have trouble, it goes to the renal tubule.
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Determines how long a drug stays in circulation
Determines dosing regimen |
1/2 life
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Minimal efficacy
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when the blood level of med is at the minimal end of the therapeutic range.
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How medicine changes in the body
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Pharmodynamics
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Tells us the safety issue in the range of dosing. The higher the value, the safer in range for the med being given.
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Therapeutic index
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a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose, compared to another drug in the same class is considered more
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potent
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The second method used to compare drugs is called _______. This is the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug.
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efficacy
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Taking into account the entire individual; you allow them to utilize their beliefs and religion if it does not affect their medical health.
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Holistic Care
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Minimal efficacy
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when the blood level of med is at the minimal end of the therapeutic range.
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How medicine changes in the body
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Pharmodynamics
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Tells us the safety issue in the range of dosing. The higher the value, the safer in range for the med being given.
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Therapeutic index
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a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose, compared to another drug in the same class is considered more
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potent
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The second method used to compare drugs is called _______. This is the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug.
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efficacy
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Taking into account the entire individual; you allow them to utilize their beliefs and religion if it does not affect their medical health.
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Holistic Care
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What do I need to know about a drug before I administer it to a patient?
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Trade and generic name
Classification Intended use & therapeutic effect Contraindications & special consideration Dose ranges & safety Expected side affects Adverse reactions How to intervene for them |
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What are the rights of drug administration?
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Right patient, med, dose, route, and time of delivery
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What are the three checks of drug administration?
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1. Check MAR when removing drug from where you got it.
2. Check drug when preparing it, pouring it, or connecting to IV 3. Check before administering it. |
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a severe type of allergic reaction that involves massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemicals that inflame and can lead to shock.
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anaphylaxis
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Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
(TEN) |
You skin comes off
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Stevel Johnson's Syndrome
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Kind of like a cold. You won't know it's there for about 2 weeks.But then respiratory infection w/ chills and fever.
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An ASAP order should be given w/in what amount of time?
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30 min.
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If a med's route or bucall, that means tablet is administered...
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between the gum and cheek
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A sentinel event
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when you kill someone
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In putting error into a category, a category A means
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No actual error was made
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In putting error into a category, a category B-D means
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An error occured, but no har,
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In putting error into a category, a category E-H means
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An error occured which hardmed the patient
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In putting error into a category, a category I means
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ERROR &DEATH!
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What is the name of an anonymous hospital-error reporting system?
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MEDMARX
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Signs and symptoms of Anthrax appear w/in
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1-6 days
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When a patient is showing symptoms of Anthrax exposure, they should also be tested for what?
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MRSA
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What are the 3 ways that a person can manifest Anthrax?
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Cutaneous, Gastrointestinal, or Inhaled.
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What is the most dangerous type of Anthrax and why?
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Inhalation. It has to be treated w/in days or will result in death.
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What are some of the symptoms of Inhalation Anthrax?
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1st- fever, fatigue
Then SOB, Cough Death within 4-6 days |
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What are some of the symptoms of Gastrointestinal Anthrax?
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Sore throat, swallowing probs, cramps, diarrhea, abdominal swelling
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What are some of the symptoms of cutaneous Anthrax?
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Skin lesion turn into black scabs
Can’t be spread person-to-person |
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Ciprofloxacin is used to treat what?
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Anthrax
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What are the five steps in the Nursing process?
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Assessment
Diagnosis Planning Intervention Evaluation |
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On-going
Begin with a baseline assessment To have measurements that you can determine effectiveness of treatment Includes objective & subjective data Anything & everything that is pertinent needs to be addressed Systematic approach |
Assessment
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Always in “” quotes
From the patient, family, staff, or chart Subjective means words stated Examples: “I don’t feel well” Chart states “combative” MD reported “pt noncompliant with regimen initially” |
Subjective
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Concrete
Measurable Diagnostics Physical Findings Behavior Disease History: age, smoking/alcohol,drugs |
Objective Date
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In order to assess correctly, you need to document what the patient was taken as meds or dietary supplements for how long ago
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the last 6 weeks
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The part of the patient chart that we use as a "List of directions" is
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Implementation
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What is the most common form of anthrax?
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cutaneous
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