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147 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Calcium channel blockers?
Slow movement of calcium into heart cells
Calcium channel blockers relax?
Relax blood vessels
Increase oxygen rich blood to heart
Reduce hearts workload
What are calcium channel blockers prescribed for?
High blood pressure
Calcium channel blockers contain?
Calcium channel antagonist
What does a calcium channel antagonist do?
Decreases the heart's pumping strength
Relaxes blood vessels
Verapamil is a?
Calcium channel blocker
Reduces bp
Calcium channel blockers produce an ...tropic effect?
Negative Inotropic effect
Negative inotropic effect?
Decreases the force of myocardial contraction
Condition calcium antagonists are used for?
Side effects of Calcium Antagonists
Beta Blockers?
Diminish effects of epinephrine
Beta Blockers reduce excitability of the?
Cardiovascular system
Beta Blockers and calcium channel blockers can cause dysfunction of?
Sexual dysfunction and impotence
The use of some beta blockers are restricted in some?
Sports
Mechanism of action of beta blockers?
Block catecholamines on B adrenergic recptors of the sympathethic nervous system
Mediates flight or fight response
Conditions Beta Blockers are used for?
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension
Angina pectoris
Beta blocker interactions?
Digoxin
Calcium channel blockers
NSAIDS
MAO
Angio tensin II
hormone
Angio tensin II
Dilates arterioles
Beta Blockers are used for ?
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension
Angina pectoris
ACE inhibitors stands for?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
ACE inhibitors treat?
Hypertension
CHF
Mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
Reduce activity of rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Block conversion of angiotenin 1 -> angiotensin 2
Lower arteriolar resistance
Increase venous capaicity -> cardiac output
ACE inhibitors decrease the renal perfusion, also called?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney
ACE inhibitors increase?
Cardiac output
Cardiac index
Stroke volume
Increase natriuresis excretion of sodium in urine
Adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
hypOtension
Cough
Hyperkalemia
Headache
Dizziness
Fatigue
Nausea
Increase inflammation related pain
Renal impairment
Hyperkalemia?
Increased potassium retention
ACE inhibitors in pregnant women
Cause birth defects
ACE inhibitors are contra indicated for?
Previous angioedema
Renal artery stenosis
Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors
Take & monitor Potassium
Antihypertensive classes?
Thiazide diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers
Beta blockers
Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists
Thiazide is what type of drug?
Diuretic
Thiazide, a diuretic is used for?
Edema
The diuretic, Thiazide is derived from ?
Benzothiadiazine
Cheapest hypertension drug available
Mechanism of Thiazide?
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium chloride ions in the kidneys
By blocking thiazide-sensitive symportor
Thiazide side affects?
Hypokalemia (retain potassium)
Increased cholesterol
Impaired glucose tolerance
Diabetes mellitus
Impotence
Calcium channel blockers disrupt?
Calcium conduction of calcium channels
Calcium channel blockers reduce ?
Blood pressure
Calcium channel blockers have a negative inotropic effect?
Yes
A negative inotropic effect produces?
Lower the heart rate
Mechanism of action of Calcium channel blockers?
Block voltage-gated calcium chanels in heart & blood vessels
Reduce muscle contraction
Decrease in calcium
Decrease in cardiac contractility
Vasodilation
Beta Blocker?
B-blocker
Manages cardiac arrhythmias
Protects after myocardial infarction
Reduce affect of adrenoline (stress hormone)
Beta Blockers manager?
Angina pectoris
Beta Blockers have a positive inotropic effect on the heart?
Yes
Beta blockers decrease nocturnal?
Nocturnal melatonin
= Sleep disturbance
Beta blockers should be avoided by?
Asthmatics
Beta blocker adverse affects?
HyOTENSION
HEART FAILURE
HEART BLOCK
FATIGUE
DIZZINESS
Erectile dysfunction
Digitalis is a ?
Cardiac glycoside
Cardiac glycosides treat?
Cardiac failure from anti arrhythmia
Cardiac glycosides inhibit?
Sodium/potassium pump in cell membrane
Digoxin is known as a?
Cardiac glycoside
Digoxin treats?
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Heart failure
Digoxin increases?
Myocardial contractility
Digoxin increased the action?
Potential
Digoxin reduces ?
Potassium
Digoxin increases
intra cellula calcium
Digoxin decreases automaticity at the.....Node?
AV node
Digitalis Contains ?
Cardiac glycoside - digoxin
Digitalis is from which plant?
Foxglove
Digitalis acts on which organ?
The heart
Digitalis increases?
Contractility via increased calcium
Digitalis increases contractility and inreases the action?
Potential
Nitrates are a member of the drug group known as?
nitrovasodilators
Nitric oxide activates the enzyme?
Guany late cyclase
Guan ylate cyclase converts Guan osine triphophate (GTP) to?
Cyclid quanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
cGMP reproduces phosphorylation of the protein kinase which decreases cytosolic calcium and produces?
Smooth muscle relaxation
Nitroglycerine decreases preload, afterload & myocardial?
oxygen consumption
nitrates improve myocardial?
Oxygen supply
Nitroglycerine dilates?
Coronary arteries
Nitrates are used for?
Acute myocardial infarction
Chronic therapy after myocardial infarction
Angina
CHF
Action of corticosteroids?
Anti inflammatory
Block prostaglandin
Side affects of corticosteroids?
Immunosuppressive
Weaken tissue
Prozac (SSRI)?
Inhibits CNS neuronal uptake of serotonin
Increases availability of serotonin
Prosac treats
Depression
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Panic attacks
Side affects of Prozac?
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Withdrawal
Prozac Interactions
MAO
Seizures
Liver problems
Pregnant
Lithium does what to moods?
Stabilizes moods
Lithium treats?
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Mania
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Leukopenia low WBC
Mechanism of action for lithium
Decreases norepinephrine release
Take 1 month to work
Alters gene expression
Affects the transport of cations in neurons
Lithium side affects
Dehydration
Dazed feeling
Fine hand tremor
Nausea
Headache
Weight gain
Hypothyroidism
Renal Function
Teratogen - birth defects
Lithium interactions?
Diruetics
Loop diuretics (furosemide)
LSD
Tri cyclic antidepressants
Tricyclic is an?
Antidepressant
Serotonin &/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Tri-cyclics treat?
Depression
Attention deficit
Fibromyalgia
Side affects
Dry mouth, nose
Blurry vision
Constipation
Loss of memory/cognition
Increased body temperature
Drowsiness
Anxiety
Sexual Dysfunction
Tricyclic interactions
Antiarrhythmics (quinidine)
Antihistamines (astemizole, terfenadine)
Antipsychotics
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs for schizophrenia?
Antipsychotic
Blocks receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways via the nigrostriatal pathway
Side effects of neuroleptic drugs for schizophrenia?
Reduced life expectancy
Weight gain
Enlarged breasts & milk (men/women)
Lower white blood cell count
Can't sit still/Repetitive body movements
Diabetes
Nigro stria tal pathway ?
Dopamine pathway in the brain
Produces movement
Loss assoc w/parkinsons
Agonist?
Combines with a recpetor to produce an affect
Antagonist
Binds, blocks or dampens the receptive site
Valium treats?
anxiety
Insomnia
Seizures
muscle spasms
Restless legs syndrom
Mechanism of action of valium?
Enhances effects of neurotransmitter GABA
Binds GABA to benzodiazepine site on GABA receptor
Depresses CNS
Membrane potential
Difference in voltage between the interior and exterior of a cell
Bronchodilators treat?
Obstructive lung disease - asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bronchiolitis
Short acting bronchodilators
Rescue relief for acute bronchoconstriction
Long acting bronchodilators
Control and prevent symptoms
Bronchodilating drugs ?
B2-agonists (short/long)
Anticholinergics (short)
Theophylline (long acting
The bronchodilating drug theophylline is a short or long acting drug?
Long acting
The bronchodilator anticholinergics are short or long acting?
short acting
Bronchodilators properties
Dilates bronchi & bronchioles
Obstructive lung disease
Asthma
COPD
Ventolin mechanism of action
Short acting B2 adrenergic receptor agonist
Side affects of ventolin
Tremore
Nervousness
Headache
Muscle cramps
Dry mouth
Palpitation
Ventolin contraindications
Hypersensitivity
Seizures
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes
Ventolin Drug interactions
Beta Blockers
Diuretics
Digoxin
MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors
Triyclic antidepressants
Pregnancy
Atrovent (Ipratropium) is an?
Anticholinergic drug
Blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors (parasympathetic) in smooth muscle of bronchi in lungs
Opens bronchi
Relieves chronic obstructive pulmonary disease & asthma
Peptic ulcer drugs
Proton pump inhibitors
H2-receptor antagonists
Cytoprotective agents
NSAID
Glucocorticoids
The Peptic ulcer drug Misoprostol (Trade name;Cytotec) ?
Treats Gastric ulcers caused from NSAIDs
Abortion/induced labour
Mechanism of action of Misoprostol
Inhibits gastric acid by inhibiting adenylate cyclase -> decreases cyclic AMP -> decreases proton pump activity
Mechanism of action of H2antagonist
Block action of histamine
Decreases acid production
Mechanism of action of Protein pump inhibitors for use with peptic ulcers
Reduces gastric acid production
Fibrinolytic drugs do?
Dissolve clots
Also called thrombolytic drugs
Warfarin treats?
Thrombosis & embolism prevention
Blood thinning drugs?
Warfarin
Heperin
Anticoagulants - interfere with vitamin K metabolism
Warfarin interacts with?
Pregnancy
Simvastatin
Antibiotics
Hypothyroidism
Alcohol
ginger
Garlic
Ginseng
Gnkgo
Borage
Fish oils
St johns wort
Cranberry juice
Warfarin side affects
Heomorrhage
warfarin necrosis
osteoporosis
Heparin?
Injectable anticoagulant
Heparin derived from?
mucosa of slaughtered meat
pig intestine + cow lung
Anti epileptic drugs?
Suppress rapid and excessive firing of neurons.
What are SSRI's
Selective serotonin reuptaken inhibitors
Antidepressant
Mechanism of action of SSRI's
Increase extracellular neurotransmitter serotonin
Inhibit serotonin re uptake by the presynaptic cell
What type of drug are SSRI's
Psychotropic
Contraindications of SSRI's
MAOI's - MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors
Cases severe serotonin syndrome/toxidrome
Valium is the commercial marketing name for?
Diazepam
Side effects of diazepam (valium)
amnesia
Sedation
Cognition deficits
Suppressed REM sleepp
Impaired coordination
Dizziness
Depression
Reflex tachycardia
Types of Diuretics?
High ceiling loop
Thiazides
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Digitalis
Potassium sparing
Calcium sparing
Osmotic
Low ceiling
Adverse affects of diuretics?
Hypovolemia
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Hypercalcemia
Hyperuricemia
Long term use issues with aluminium
Neurtoxicity
Digestive disorders
Vomiting
Increases estrogen related gene expression = matal oestrogen
Alzheimers
Cox 1?
Constitutive enzyme
Found in most mammalian cells
Cox 2
Undetectable in most normal tissues
It's an inducible enzyme
In macrophages in sites of inflammation
role in tumorigenesis
Cox inhibitors are Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDS ?
Yes
Cox inhibitors reduce?
Inflammation
Antipyretic
Anti thrombotic
Analgesic
Cox 2 inhibitors are specific for?
Inflamed tissue
Less risk of peptic ulceration
Mechanism of action of cox inhibitors
inhibits the messenger molecules for inflammation
Side affects of cox inhibitors (NSAIDS)
Upper gastro bleeding
Dyspepsia
heart failure
(Contra IBD - chrones - colitis)
Cox inhibitors (NSAIDS) interact with?
ACE inhibitors
Probeneccid
Lithium
Warfarin
Methotrexate
Antibiotics treat infections caused by?
microorganisms
Fungi
Protazoa
Anti biotics have 2 groups?
Kill bacteria - bactericidal
Impair bacterial growth = bacteriostatic
Antibiotics that target cell wall or interfere with esssential bacterial enzymes are ?
Bactericidal
Bactericidal antibiotics target?
target cell wall or interfere with essential bacterial enzyme.
Antibiotics that target protein synthesis are ?
bacteriostatic
Narrow spectrum antibiotics target?
Particular type of bacteria
eg gram negative or gram positive bacteria
Broad spectrum antibiotics target
Wide range of bacteria
All penicillins are Beta?
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Treat bacterial infections
Gram positive organisms
Is a Mould
Mechanism of action of penicillin?
Weakens the cell wall of the bacterium
Causes death to bacteria
Block the division of bacteria
Sympathetic ganglionic neurons release?
Noradrenaline
ATP
Act on adrenergic receptors
Acetylcholine is the preganglionic?
Preganglionic neurotransmitter for both parts of ANS
Nerves that release acetylcholine are called
Cholinergic
The presynaptic neuron releases acetelcholine to act on?
Nicotinic receptors
The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline (epinephrine) into the blood stream & acts on?
adrenoceptors
Increases sympathetic activity