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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Calcium channel blockers?
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Slow movement of calcium into heart cells
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Calcium channel blockers relax?
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Relax blood vessels
Increase oxygen rich blood to heart Reduce hearts workload |
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What are calcium channel blockers prescribed for?
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High blood pressure
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Calcium channel blockers contain?
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Calcium channel antagonist
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What does a calcium channel antagonist do?
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Decreases the heart's pumping strength
Relaxes blood vessels |
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Verapamil is a?
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Calcium channel blocker
Reduces bp |
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Calcium channel blockers produce an ...tropic effect?
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Negative Inotropic effect
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Negative inotropic effect?
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Decreases the force of myocardial contraction
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Condition calcium antagonists are used for?
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Side effects of Calcium Antagonists
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Beta Blockers?
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Diminish effects of epinephrine
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Beta Blockers reduce excitability of the?
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Cardiovascular system
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Beta Blockers and calcium channel blockers can cause dysfunction of?
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Sexual dysfunction and impotence
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The use of some beta blockers are restricted in some?
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Sports
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Mechanism of action of beta blockers?
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Block catecholamines on B adrenergic recptors of the sympathethic nervous system
Mediates flight or fight response |
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Conditions Beta Blockers are used for?
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Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension Angina pectoris |
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Beta blocker interactions?
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Digoxin
Calcium channel blockers NSAIDS MAO |
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Angio tensin II
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hormone
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Angio tensin II
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Dilates arterioles
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Beta Blockers are used for ?
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Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension Angina pectoris |
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ACE inhibitors stands for?
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
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ACE inhibitors treat?
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Hypertension
CHF |
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Mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
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Reduce activity of rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Block conversion of angiotenin 1 -> angiotensin 2 Lower arteriolar resistance Increase venous capaicity -> cardiac output |
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ACE inhibitors decrease the renal perfusion, also called?
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney
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ACE inhibitors increase?
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Cardiac output
Cardiac index Stroke volume Increase natriuresis excretion of sodium in urine |
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Adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
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hypOtension
Cough Hyperkalemia Headache Dizziness Fatigue Nausea Increase inflammation related pain Renal impairment |
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Hyperkalemia?
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Increased potassium retention
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ACE inhibitors in pregnant women
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Cause birth defects
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ACE inhibitors are contra indicated for?
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Previous angioedema
Renal artery stenosis Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors Take & monitor Potassium |
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Antihypertensive classes?
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Thiazide diuretics
ACE inhibitors Calcium channel blockers Beta blockers Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists |
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Thiazide is what type of drug?
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Diuretic
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Thiazide, a diuretic is used for?
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Edema
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The diuretic, Thiazide is derived from ?
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Benzothiadiazine
Cheapest hypertension drug available |
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Mechanism of Thiazide?
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Inhibits reabsorption of sodium chloride ions in the kidneys
By blocking thiazide-sensitive symportor |
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Thiazide side affects?
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Hypokalemia (retain potassium)
Increased cholesterol Impaired glucose tolerance Diabetes mellitus Impotence |
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Calcium channel blockers disrupt?
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Calcium conduction of calcium channels
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Calcium channel blockers reduce ?
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Blood pressure
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Calcium channel blockers have a negative inotropic effect?
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Yes
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A negative inotropic effect produces?
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Lower the heart rate
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Mechanism of action of Calcium channel blockers?
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Block voltage-gated calcium chanels in heart & blood vessels
Reduce muscle contraction Decrease in calcium Decrease in cardiac contractility Vasodilation |
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Beta Blocker?
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B-blocker
Manages cardiac arrhythmias Protects after myocardial infarction Reduce affect of adrenoline (stress hormone) |
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Beta Blockers manager?
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Angina pectoris
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Beta Blockers have a positive inotropic effect on the heart?
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Yes
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Beta blockers decrease nocturnal?
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Nocturnal melatonin
= Sleep disturbance |
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Beta blockers should be avoided by?
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Asthmatics
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Beta blocker adverse affects?
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HyOTENSION
HEART FAILURE HEART BLOCK FATIGUE DIZZINESS Erectile dysfunction |
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Digitalis is a ?
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Cardiac glycoside
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Cardiac glycosides treat?
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Cardiac failure from anti arrhythmia
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Cardiac glycosides inhibit?
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Sodium/potassium pump in cell membrane
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Digoxin is known as a?
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Cardiac glycoside
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Digoxin treats?
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Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter Heart failure |
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Digoxin increases?
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Myocardial contractility
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Digoxin increased the action?
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Potential
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Digoxin reduces ?
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Potassium
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Digoxin increases
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intra cellula calcium
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Digoxin decreases automaticity at the.....Node?
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AV node
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Digitalis Contains ?
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Cardiac glycoside - digoxin
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Digitalis is from which plant?
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Foxglove
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Digitalis acts on which organ?
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The heart
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Digitalis increases?
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Contractility via increased calcium
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Digitalis increases contractility and inreases the action?
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Potential
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Nitrates are a member of the drug group known as?
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nitrovasodilators
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Nitric oxide activates the enzyme?
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Guany late cyclase
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Guan ylate cyclase converts Guan osine triphophate (GTP) to?
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Cyclid quanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
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cGMP reproduces phosphorylation of the protein kinase which decreases cytosolic calcium and produces?
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Smooth muscle relaxation
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Nitroglycerine decreases preload, afterload & myocardial?
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oxygen consumption
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nitrates improve myocardial?
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Oxygen supply
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Nitroglycerine dilates?
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Coronary arteries
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Nitrates are used for?
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Acute myocardial infarction
Chronic therapy after myocardial infarction Angina CHF |
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Action of corticosteroids?
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Anti inflammatory
Block prostaglandin |
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Side affects of corticosteroids?
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Immunosuppressive
Weaken tissue |
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Prozac (SSRI)?
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Inhibits CNS neuronal uptake of serotonin
Increases availability of serotonin |
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Prosac treats
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Depression
Obsessive compulsive disorder Panic attacks |
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Side affects of Prozac?
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Dizziness
Drowsiness Nausea Loss of appetite Withdrawal |
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Prozac Interactions
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MAO
Seizures Liver problems Pregnant |
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Lithium does what to moods?
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Stabilizes moods
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Lithium treats?
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Bipolar disorder
Depression Mania Seborrhoeic dermatitis Leukopenia low WBC |
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Mechanism of action for lithium
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Decreases norepinephrine release
Take 1 month to work Alters gene expression Affects the transport of cations in neurons |
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Lithium side affects
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Dehydration
Dazed feeling Fine hand tremor Nausea Headache Weight gain Hypothyroidism Renal Function Teratogen - birth defects |
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Lithium interactions?
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Diruetics
Loop diuretics (furosemide) LSD Tri cyclic antidepressants |
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Tricyclic is an?
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Antidepressant
Serotonin &/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor |
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Tri-cyclics treat?
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Depression
Attention deficit Fibromyalgia |
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Side affects
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Dry mouth, nose
Blurry vision Constipation Loss of memory/cognition Increased body temperature Drowsiness Anxiety Sexual Dysfunction |
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Tricyclic interactions
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Antiarrhythmics (quinidine)
Antihistamines (astemizole, terfenadine) Antipsychotics Alcohol Barbiturates |
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Mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs for schizophrenia?
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Antipsychotic
Blocks receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways via the nigrostriatal pathway |
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Side effects of neuroleptic drugs for schizophrenia?
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Reduced life expectancy
Weight gain Enlarged breasts & milk (men/women) Lower white blood cell count Can't sit still/Repetitive body movements Diabetes |
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Nigro stria tal pathway ?
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Dopamine pathway in the brain
Produces movement Loss assoc w/parkinsons |
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Agonist?
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Combines with a recpetor to produce an affect
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Antagonist
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Binds, blocks or dampens the receptive site
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Valium treats?
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anxiety
Insomnia Seizures muscle spasms Restless legs syndrom |
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Mechanism of action of valium?
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Enhances effects of neurotransmitter GABA
Binds GABA to benzodiazepine site on GABA receptor Depresses CNS |
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Membrane potential
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Difference in voltage between the interior and exterior of a cell
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Bronchodilators treat?
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Obstructive lung disease - asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Bronchiolitis |
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Short acting bronchodilators
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Rescue relief for acute bronchoconstriction
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Long acting bronchodilators
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Control and prevent symptoms
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Bronchodilating drugs ?
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B2-agonists (short/long)
Anticholinergics (short) Theophylline (long acting |
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The bronchodilating drug theophylline is a short or long acting drug?
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Long acting
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The bronchodilator anticholinergics are short or long acting?
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short acting
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Bronchodilators properties
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Dilates bronchi & bronchioles
Obstructive lung disease Asthma COPD |
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Ventolin mechanism of action
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Short acting B2 adrenergic receptor agonist
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Side affects of ventolin
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Tremore
Nervousness Headache Muscle cramps Dry mouth Palpitation |
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Ventolin contraindications
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Hypersensitivity
Seizures Hyperthyroidism Diabetes |
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Ventolin Drug interactions
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Beta Blockers
Diuretics Digoxin MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors Triyclic antidepressants Pregnancy |
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Atrovent (Ipratropium) is an?
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Anticholinergic drug
Blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors (parasympathetic) in smooth muscle of bronchi in lungs Opens bronchi Relieves chronic obstructive pulmonary disease & asthma |
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Peptic ulcer drugs
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Proton pump inhibitors
H2-receptor antagonists Cytoprotective agents NSAID Glucocorticoids |
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The Peptic ulcer drug Misoprostol (Trade name;Cytotec) ?
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Treats Gastric ulcers caused from NSAIDs
Abortion/induced labour |
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Mechanism of action of Misoprostol
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Inhibits gastric acid by inhibiting adenylate cyclase -> decreases cyclic AMP -> decreases proton pump activity
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Mechanism of action of H2antagonist
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Block action of histamine
Decreases acid production |
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Mechanism of action of Protein pump inhibitors for use with peptic ulcers
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Reduces gastric acid production
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Fibrinolytic drugs do?
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Dissolve clots
Also called thrombolytic drugs |
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Warfarin treats?
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Thrombosis & embolism prevention
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Blood thinning drugs?
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Warfarin
Heperin Anticoagulants - interfere with vitamin K metabolism |
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Warfarin interacts with?
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Pregnancy
Simvastatin Antibiotics Hypothyroidism Alcohol ginger Garlic Ginseng Gnkgo Borage Fish oils St johns wort Cranberry juice |
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Warfarin side affects
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Heomorrhage
warfarin necrosis osteoporosis |
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Heparin?
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Injectable anticoagulant
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Heparin derived from?
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mucosa of slaughtered meat
pig intestine + cow lung |
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Anti epileptic drugs?
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Suppress rapid and excessive firing of neurons.
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What are SSRI's
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Selective serotonin reuptaken inhibitors
Antidepressant |
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Mechanism of action of SSRI's
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Increase extracellular neurotransmitter serotonin
Inhibit serotonin re uptake by the presynaptic cell |
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What type of drug are SSRI's
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Psychotropic
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Contraindications of SSRI's
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MAOI's - MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors
Cases severe serotonin syndrome/toxidrome |
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Valium is the commercial marketing name for?
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Diazepam
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Side effects of diazepam (valium)
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amnesia
Sedation Cognition deficits Suppressed REM sleepp Impaired coordination Dizziness Depression Reflex tachycardia |
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Types of Diuretics?
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High ceiling loop
Thiazides Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Digitalis Potassium sparing Calcium sparing Osmotic Low ceiling |
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Adverse affects of diuretics?
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Hypovolemia
Hypokalemia Hyponatremia Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Hypercalcemia Hyperuricemia |
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Long term use issues with aluminium
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Neurtoxicity
Digestive disorders Vomiting Increases estrogen related gene expression = matal oestrogen Alzheimers |
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Cox 1?
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Constitutive enzyme
Found in most mammalian cells |
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Cox 2
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Undetectable in most normal tissues
It's an inducible enzyme In macrophages in sites of inflammation role in tumorigenesis |
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Cox inhibitors are Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDS ?
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Yes
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Cox inhibitors reduce?
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Inflammation
Antipyretic Anti thrombotic Analgesic |
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Cox 2 inhibitors are specific for?
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Inflamed tissue
Less risk of peptic ulceration |
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Mechanism of action of cox inhibitors
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inhibits the messenger molecules for inflammation
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Side affects of cox inhibitors (NSAIDS)
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Upper gastro bleeding
Dyspepsia heart failure (Contra IBD - chrones - colitis) |
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Cox inhibitors (NSAIDS) interact with?
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ACE inhibitors
Probeneccid Lithium Warfarin Methotrexate |
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Antibiotics treat infections caused by?
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microorganisms
Fungi Protazoa |
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Anti biotics have 2 groups?
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Kill bacteria - bactericidal
Impair bacterial growth = bacteriostatic |
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Antibiotics that target cell wall or interfere with esssential bacterial enzymes are ?
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Bactericidal
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Bactericidal antibiotics target?
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target cell wall or interfere with essential bacterial enzyme.
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Antibiotics that target protein synthesis are ?
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bacteriostatic
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Narrow spectrum antibiotics target?
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Particular type of bacteria
eg gram negative or gram positive bacteria |
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Broad spectrum antibiotics target
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Wide range of bacteria
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All penicillins are Beta?
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Beta-lactam antibiotics
Treat bacterial infections Gram positive organisms Is a Mould |
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Mechanism of action of penicillin?
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Weakens the cell wall of the bacterium
Causes death to bacteria Block the division of bacteria |
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Sympathetic ganglionic neurons release?
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Noradrenaline
ATP Act on adrenergic receptors |
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Acetylcholine is the preganglionic?
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Preganglionic neurotransmitter for both parts of ANS
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Nerves that release acetylcholine are called
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Cholinergic
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The presynaptic neuron releases acetelcholine to act on?
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Nicotinic receptors
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The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline (epinephrine) into the blood stream & acts on?
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adrenoceptors
Increases sympathetic activity |