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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What response is the sympathetic nervous system correlated with? |
Fight or flight |
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What response is the parasympathetic nervous system correlated with?
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Relax and digest |
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What hormones are correlated with the sympathetic nervous system? |
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
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What hormones are correlated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Acetylcholine |
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What are the 5 steps of the Pain Pathway? |
Stimulus, transmission, modulation and perception |
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What is wind-up? |
Perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate, usually after the perception is repressed by anesthetics
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What are the 4 major receptors in the body? |
Mu (μ), kappa (κ), delta (δ), GABA
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The main adverse affect of opioids is ____, stronger opioids ___ these affects. |
Respiratory depression, highten
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Define neuroleptanalgesics |
Opioid drugs that are combined with a tranquilizer or sedative
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What are the main opioids to remember? |
Morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and butorphanol |
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What receptor(s) does morphine stimulate? |
μ and some κ
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What is a main adverse affect of morphine? |
Vomiting in dogs |
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What receptor(s) does hydromorphone stimulate? |
μ
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Why can hydromorphone be considered superior to morphine? Name 2 facts
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Does not stimulate vomiting Better analgesic |
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What are the two ways that fentanyl is commonly given? |
IV and patch (e.g. Duragesic) |
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How long does it take for a fentanyl patch to work in dogs and cats? |
12-24 hrs - dogs
6-12 hrs - cats |
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What receptor(s) does butorphanol stimulate? |
Partial μ and κ
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What are the two common uses for butorphanol? |
Premed and cough suppressant
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What is the antagonist for opioids? |
Naloxone(narcan)
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What are the most commonly used tranquilizers in clinic? |
Acepromazine, benzodiazepines and a2 agonists |
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What is the main adverse effect of acepromazine? |
Reduces vomiting and causes penile prolapse in stallions |
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What are the most commonly used benzodiazepines? |
Diazepam (valium), zolazepam, midozalam (versed), and clonazepam (klonopin) |
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What is the main adverse affect of the benzodiazepines? |
Anticonvulsant |
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What is the main sedative family used in clinic? |
a2 agonists |
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What are the most commonly used a2 agonists?
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Xylazine (rompun), detomidine (dormosedan), and dexmetatomadine (dexdormitor) |
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What is important to remember when giving a2 agonists to bovine? |
Extremely sensitive, give 10% of the horse dosage |
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What is important to remember when considering giving a2 agonists to swine?
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They are quite resistant to it |
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What is the antagonist for xylazine? |
Yohimbine
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What is the antagonist for dexmedetomidine?
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Atipamezole (Antisedan), and tolazoline
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What are the most commonly used drugs when it comes to anesthetics? |
Barbiturates, propofol, alfaxalone (alfaxan), dissociatives, inhalants, cholinergics and anticholinergics |
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What are the barbiturates used in clinic? |
Thiopental, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital |
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What is important to remember when giving thiopental? |
Must give initial bolus of 50% of calculated dosage to avoid excitement faze |
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What is pentobarbital usually used for in clinics? |
Euthanasia |
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What makes the barbiturates short acting if you give one dose but long acting if you give a second dose? |
Redistribution into poorly perfused tissue before metabolism |
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Why must sight hounds be given lower doses of barbiturates then most other dogs? |
Lower body fat |
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How must propofol be delivered? |
25% of the dose every 30 secs to effect |
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Why may some animals have allergic reactions to propofol? |
It is mixed with a soy and egg base |
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What is unique about alfaxalone? |
It binds to the GABA receptor |
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What are the two most commonly used disassociatives and their common names? |
Ketamine (Ketalean, Ketaset, Vetalar) and tiletamine (Telazol when mixed with zolazepam)
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What does long term use of ketamine cause? |
Urinary bladder distruction |
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What is ketamine usually mixed with and why? |
A sedative or tranquilizer to decrease muscle rigidity |
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What are the most commonly used inhalants used in clinic? |
Halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane |
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What is the most commonly seen issue with halothane? |
Increased sensitivity to epinephrine leading to arrhythmias and is caused by increased stress during induction |
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What are pigs most susceptible to with halothane? |
Malignant hyperthermia
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What is malignant hyperthermia? |
Sudden onset of extremely elevated body temperature
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Feline rapid recover with isoflurane may cause what? |
Delirium, stormy recoveries
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What is the best inhalant anesthetic that is only avoided due to cost? |
Sevoflurane |
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How do cholinergics work? |
Stimulation of receptors mediated by acetylcholine
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What are the most common cholinergics? |
Bethanechol, pilocarpine and metoclopramide
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What is the main adverse affect of bethanechol? |
Stimulates GI tract and urinary tract
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What is the main adverse affect of pilocarpine?
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Returns intraocular pressure to normal, treats glaucoma |
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What is the main adverse affect of metoclopramide?
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Controls vomiting and increases gastric emptying
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How do anticholinergics work?
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Block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system
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What are the most commonly used anticholinergics? |
Atropine and glycopyrrolate
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What are the main uses for anticholinergics? |
Prevent or treat bradycardia, decrease secretions and dilate pupils
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What are the main CNS stimulants used in clinic? |
Theophylline, aminophylline and methylxanthines
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What are CNS stimulants used for? |
Stimulate respiration in anesthetized animals or reverse CNS depression caused by anesthetic or sedative
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What is a deadly CNS stimulant for animals? |
Theobromine from chocolate
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What are the most commonly used anticonvulsants in clinic? |
Doxapram (Dopram), phenobarbital, diazepam, and potassium bromide
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What are the main uses of doxapram? |
Respiratory stimulant in c-section neonates and anticonvulsant |
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When is phenobarbital usually prescribed with cats and dogs? |
Long term control of seizures |
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What enzymes does long term phenobarbital use affect and how? |
Increase in ALT and ALP |
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When is Diazepam used as an emergency treatment? |
With status epilepticus |
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What re the 3 ways you can give diazepam? |
PO, IV, and rectally |
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What form does potassium bromide usually come in? |
Syrup |
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How long is the half life of potassium bromide? |
21-24 days in a dog |
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How long does it take for potassium bromide to reach a steady state? |
7 months |
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What are the main behaviour modifying drugs used in clinic? |
Antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics
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What are the main antipsychotics used? |
Acepromazine and chlorpromazine (phenothiazine tranquilizers)
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When are antipsychotics usually prescribed? |
Car travel anxiety |
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What are the 3 types of antidepressants used in clinic? |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
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What are the main TCAs used? |
Amitriptyline (Elavil) and clomipramine (Clomicalm)
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How do TCAs work? |
Decreasing the reuptake of serotonin
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What is the general purpose of using TCAs? |
Generalized anxiety and separation anxiety in dogs and cats
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What is specifically amitriptyline used for? |
Decrease inappropriate spraying and excessive grooming in cats and excessive feather picking in birds
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What is specifically Clomicalm used for?
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OCD dogs
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What are the most commonly used SSRIs? |
Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile) and paroxetine (Paxil)
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How do SSRIs work? |
Blocks the removal of serotonin from the synaptic cleft
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When are SSRIs usually prescribed? |
OCD, anxiety and aggression
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What is the most common MAO? |
Selegiline (Anipryl)
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How do MAOs work? |
Increasing dopamine in the brain |
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What are MAOs used to treat? |
Age related cognitive dysfunctions (doggy dementia) and cushing's disease |
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What are anxiolytics? |
Benzodiazepine tranquillizers |
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How do anxiolytics work? |
Increase stimulation of receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA ; which has a depressant effect on the CNS
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What are the effects of anxiolytics? |
More relaxed and less excitable
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What is the drawback of anxiolytics? |
Restricted ability to learn behaviour modification |
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Define epilepsy |
Recurrent seizures
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Define idiopathic epilepsy |
Recurrent seizures of unknown cause
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Define status epilepticus |
State of being in the seizure activity and is often used to describe prolonged seizure activity
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What are the main causes of seizures? |
Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, toxins, infectious disease, hydrocephalus (common in chihuahuas), brain neoplasia, and parasitic migration
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What are the 3 phases of seizures? |
Preictal phase (aura), seizure or ictus, and postictal phase
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