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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Opiates-definition
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alkaloids derived from opium, which is an extract of the poppy plant
Heroin, codeine, morphine |
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Opioids- definition
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Drugs that act similarly to the opiates, either plant-derived or synthesized
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Reasons to use topical therapy
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1.Focal lesions
2.Ectoparasites 3.Adjunct to systemic therapy 4.Management or chronic/recurrent skin disease 5.Transepidermal delivery 6.Maximize benefit while minimizing toxicity from systemic absorption |
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Limitations to topical therapy
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1.Hair
2.Client compliance 3.Cats! |
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Preparation of patient for topical therapy
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Remove the hair
Clean the lesions |
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General rules of topical therapy
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Know what you're treating
Know your lesions Know your products |
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Transepidermal absorption
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Karatinocyte
Lipid bilayer |
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Transappendicular
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??????
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Diffusion of topical across barrier depends on...
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Concentration of the drug
Solubility of the drug in the vehicle Diffusion coefficient Size of the molecule |
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Cocaine (year)
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1884
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Procaine (year)
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1905
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Lidocaine (year)
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1943
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Local anesthetics block ??
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Sensory
Motor Autonomic |
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Mechanism of action for local anesthetics
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Conduction blockade (membranes don't increase permeability to sodium ions)
Slows rate of depolarization (less likely to reach threshold potential) |
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Local anesthetics do not alter...
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Resting membrane potential
Threshold potential |
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If an agent is not capable of penetrating, how can a vehicle help it to?
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It can't; can only facilitate absorption of an already absorbable substance
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Effects of a vehicle on the barrier
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Moisturize
lipid soluble keratolytic organic solvents |
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Other factors that influence absorption
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Inflammation
Occlusion Thickness of skin surface area covered |
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Ability of vehicle to hydrate stratum corneum will ________ absorption
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Increase
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High concentration of soluble drug in vehicle will ________ absorption
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Increase
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High solubility of drug in vehicle will _______ absorption
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Decrease
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Thick stratum corneum will _________ absorption
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Decrease
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Water based vehicles
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Saoks
Shampoos Rinses Sprays |
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Rehydration
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10-15 minutes water
Follow with humectant or oil to maintain |
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Consequences of prolonged wetting
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Dehydration
Maceration |
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Rules of shampooing
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Allow 10 minute contact time
Rinse well Frequency? |
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Types of sprays
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Regional treatment
Anti-itch Anti-microbial |
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Emulsions-definition
Why rarely use? |
Oil in water
Occlusive Greasy Messy |
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Gels, creams, and ointments
Contraindications |
Vehicles for absorption of medication
Exudative lesions |
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Water miscible bases
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Propylene glycol
DMSO |
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Propylene glycol
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Enhances percutaneous absorption
Organic solvent and vehicle Keratolytic Hygroscopic (water retaining) May cause irritation |
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DMSO
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Organic solvent
Freely miscible with lipids and water Hygroscopic Bacteriostatic Penetrates well Acts as carrier agent |
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Antipruritics
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Anti-itch
Focal lesions Whole body |
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Types of antipruritic
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Steroid-containing
Oatmeal Topical anesthetics Altered sensation |
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Corticosteroids
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More potent in ointment vehicle
Fluorinated steroids more potent Alcohol must be included to get steroids into solution (OUCH!) |
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Side effects of topical steroids
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Local atrophy
Alopecia Systemic absorption Milia (small white or yellowish nodules) |
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Guidelines for topical steroid use
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Use only when STEROID is indicated
Acute dermatoses affecting small area Potent steroids for short periods Hydrocortisone for chronic topical use Monitor refills Client education |
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Topical anesthetics
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Pramoxine
Lidocaine |
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Colloidal oatmeal
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Shampoos
Rinses Sprays Conditioners |
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Nonsteroidal topicals
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Cool water
Menthol |
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Definition of seborrhea
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Formation of visible scale
Dry (sicca) or oily (oleosa) |
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Anti-sebborheic properties
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Keratolytic – removal of stratum corneum
Keratoplastic – normalization of epidermal turnover Degreasing |
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Anti-seborrheic agents
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Salicylic acid with
-Sulfur -Zinc gluconate and pyridoxine Coal tar Selenium sulfide Phytosphingosine Benzoyl peroxide Ethyl lactate |
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Sulfur/salicylic acid
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Keratolytic
Keratoplastic (Anti-seborrheic) Best when used in equal concentrations |
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Coal tar
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Most potent anti-seborrheic
Keratolytic/keratoplastic Degreasing Anti-pruritic Do not use in cats |
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Selenium sulfide
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Anti-seborrheic
Keratolytic/keratoplastic Degreasing Anti-fungal Can be irritating Do not use in cats |
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Phytosphingosine
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Anti-seborrheic
Normalizes epidermis Decreases lipid production Anti-inflammatory |
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Benzoyl peroxide
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Anti-seborrheic
Keratolytic Degreasing Anti-bacterial Comedolytic (preventing blackheads/acne) |
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Ethyl lactate
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Keratolytic/keratoplastic
Anti-bacterial Comedolytic Schnauzer comedo syndrome |
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Treatment for dry seborrhea
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Emollients (oils)
Humectants |
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Anti-fungals
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Topical creams, sprays, lotions (Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Thiabendazole, Chlorhexidine)
Shampoos/rinses (Miconazole, Chlorhexidine, Ketoconazole, Enilconazole, Lime sulfur, Povidone iodine, Bleach) |
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Anti-microbials
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Topical antibiotics (Mupirocin, Amikacin, Gentomycin, Enrofloxacin)
Anti-microbials (Chlorhexidine, Povidone iodine, Acetic acid, Benzoyl peroxide, Ethyl lactate) |
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Immune-modulation
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Tacrolimus
-Calcineurin inhibitor -Targets lymphocytes |
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Side effects of topical therapy
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1. Systemic absorption
-Steroids -Antibiotics -Know the maximum systemic dose that can be safely administered 2. Topical reaction -Contact allergy/irritant -Neomycin, bacitracin -Propylene glycol -Anything! |
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Captive bolt approval
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Horses, ruminants, swine
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