Pharmacology Study Guide 1

Front 1

Pharmacokinetic

Back 1

The study of drug movement throughout the body. (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

Front 2

Absorption

Back 2

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.

Front 3

Distribution

Back 3

The movement of drugs throughout the body

Front 4

Metabolism

Back 4

the enzymatic alteration of drug structure (aka biotransformation)

Front 5

Excretion

Back 5

the removal of drugs from the body

Front 6

Pharmacodynamics

Back 6

what drugs do to the body and how they do it. (the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced.)

Front 7

Pharmacotherapeutics

Back 7

the use of drugs to treat, prevent or diagnose disease or prevent pregnancy.

Front 8

Indication

Back 8

describes a valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery.

Front 9

Precaution

Back 9

can be defined as a pre-existing condition that significantly increases the risk of an adverse reaction to a particular drug, but not to a degree that is life threatening.

Front 10

Contraindication

Back 10

pre-existing condition that precludes use of a particular drug under all but the most desperate circumstances.

Front 11

Selectivity

Back 11

a drug that elicits only the response for which it is given.

Front 12

Med error

Back 12

patient’s last line of defense is the nurse

Front 13

6 rights of medication

Back 13

1. Right patient
2. Right medication
3. Right dose
4. Right route
5. Right time
6. Right to refuse

Front 14

Adverse reaction
(ADR )

Back 14

is any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses.

Front 15

3 goals of preadministration assessment

Back 15

i. Collecting base line data needed to evaluate therapeutic and adverse responses.
ii. Identify high risk patients
iii. Assessing patient’s capacity for self care

Front 16

nursing process (Drugs)

Back 16

a. preadministration assessment
b. Administer and dosage
c. Evaluate therapeutic response
d. Promote patient adherence
e. Implement nondrug measures
f. Minimize adverse effects
g. Minimize interactions
h. Making PRN decisions
i. Managing toxicity

Front 17

Administration routes

Back 17

Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (subQ)
Enteral
Oral (PO)
topically
transdermal
rectal
vaginal
direct injection into a specific site

Front 18

How albumin could effect the level of a medication?

Back 18

a. Drugs bind to the albumin in the blood stream. Albumin is a large protein and therefore does not leave the bloodstream. Therefore neither do the drugs that are bound to the albumin and the drug cannot reach their site of action. Drugs with the ability to bind to albumin can compete for a binding and as a result one drug can displace another, causing the free concentration of displaced drug to rise.

Front 19

Half-life

Back 19

the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%.

Front 20

Dependence

Back 20

a state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued.

Front 21

Tolerance

Back 21

decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration.

Front 22

Therapeutic Index

Back 22

determined using laboratory animals, is defined as the ratio of a drug's LD50 to its ED50. (The LD50, or average lethal dose, is the dose that is lethal to 50% of the animals treated.) A large (or high) therapeutic index indicates that a drug is relatively safe. Conversely, a small (or low) therapeutic index indicates that a drug is relatively unsafe.

Front 23

Alpha 1 blocker

Back 23

i. Alpha antagonists lower blood pressure by blocking alpha1 receptors on arterioles and veins, causing vasodilation.
ii. Overdose with an alpha-adrenergic agonist (eg, epinephrine) can produce hypertension secondary to excessive activation of alpha1 receptors on blood vessels. When this occurs, blood pressure can be lowered by reversing the vasoconstriction with an alpha-blocking agent.

Front 24

Alpha 1 blockers Adverse reactions

Back 24

1. Orthostatic hypotension
2. Reflex tachycardia
3. Nasal congestion
4. Inhibition of ejaculation

Front 25

How Alpha 1 blockers work?

Back 25

1. Relax radial muscle in iris causing pupil constriction
2. Dilation of arterioles in skin, viscera, mucous membranes
3. Dilation of veins
4. Relax prostate capsule
5. Inhibition of ejaculation
6. Contraction of trigone and sphincter of bladder
7. Decrease HTN due to dilation

Front 26

What happens when Beta1 receptors are activated?

Back 26

i. Increase HR, force of contraction, and velocity of impulse conduction through AV node
ii. Causes kidney to release renin

Front 27

What happens when Alpha 1 receptors are activated?

Back 27

i. Increased pupil size
ii. Constriction of arterioles in skin, viscera, mucous membranes
iii. Constrition of veins
iv. Contraction of prostate capsule
v. Ejaculation
vi. Contraction of trigone and sphincter of bladder

Front 28

Atropine

Back 28

Muscarinic antagonist
Prevents receptor activation by endogenous acetychloline
Selective blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Increases HR
Decreases secretion by exocrine glands (salivary, bronchial, sweat, acid-secreting stomach)
Relaxation of smooth muscle (bronchi, urinary bladder , GI tract
Mydriasis (dilation of pupil)
CNS excitation

Front 29

What drugs can and cannot be taken with Atropine?

Back 29

Antihistamines
Phenothiazine antipsychotics,
tricyclic antidepressants

Front 30

Epinephrine

Back 30

Principle transmitter released by the adrenal medulla
Prepares body for flight or fight
Only transmitter to activate beta2

Front 31

Catecholamines

Back 31

Cannot be taken orally
Have a brief duration of action
Cannot cross the blood brain barrier

Front 32

Noncatecholamines

Back 32

Have longer half lives
Can be given orally (do not undergo rapid degradation by MAO and COMT)
Less polar and able to cross blood brain barrier

Front 33

Cardio selective Beta Blockers

Back 33

Are preferred to nonselective in pts with diabetes and asthma

Front 34

Adverse Reactions of Cardio selective Beta Blockers

Back 34

Bradycardia
Reduced CO
Precipitation of HF
AV heart block
Rebound cardiac excitation

Front 35

Adverse Reactions of non-selective Beta Blockers

Back 35

Bronochoconstriction
Inhibition of glycogenolysis

Front 36

Clonidine: Side effects.

Back 36

Antihypertensive drug that acts within the CNS.
Drowsiness
Xerostoma
Rebound Hyperension
Avoid in pregnancy
constipation, impotence, gynecomastia, and adverse CNS effects (eg, vivid dreams, nightmares, anxiety, depression)

Front 37

Sensitization

Back 37

Exposure to an allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity.

Front 38

Idiosyncratic effects

Back 38

an uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition.

Front 39

Terbutaline

Back 39

Noncatecholamine
Highly selective acting at beta 2 receptors only
High doses will activate beta 1 receptors as well
For: Asthma, delay preterm labor
Adverse: tremors; high doses = tachycardia,

Front 40

Metoprolol

Back 40

Cardio selective
Blockade of beta 1 receptor
reduces heart rate
force of contraction
conduction velocity through the AV node.

Front 41

Metoprolol Adverse Reactions

Back 41

bradycardia, reduced cardiac output, AV heart block, and rebound cardiac excitation following abrupt withdrawal.

Front 42

Reserpine: Contraindications

Back 42

Contradicted for pts with a history of depressive disorder

Front 43

Metoprolol who should take it?

Back 43

PTs w/ HTN, angina pectoris and prevention of MI

Front 44

1906

Back 44

the first us law passed to protect the public from altered drugs The Pure Food and Drug Act

Front 45

1938

Back 45

Mandate for testing of all drugs for harmful effects and accurate labeling.

Front 46

1952

Back 46

Clearer definition of prescription drugs, non-prescription, and drugs that cannot be refilled (narcoditics).

Front 47

1962

Back 47

Tightened controls over safety issues.

Front 48

1970

Back 48

categorized controlled substances on the basis of their relative potential for abuse.

Front 49

1978

Back 49

drug investigation process shortened to release drugs sooner to the public.

Front 50

ALPHA 1 BLOCKERS (ANTAGONISTS) GENERALLY end in... Zosin God (Alpha) is # 1 (Alpha 1) and he hates sin (zosin)

Back 50

memo