Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the main function of the kidney?
|
To clean and maintain volume and composition of extracellular fluid. "Diuresis"
|
|
|
What are the other two functions of the kidneys?
|
1,) Maintain acid-base balance
2.) Excrete foreign substances and waste products. |
|
|
Diuretic action
|
To prevent reabsorption of fluid and ions at various places along the collecting ducts.
|
|
|
What are the two ions that are blocked by diuretics?
|
Sodium and Chloride
|
|
|
Loop diuretics= Lasix, block reabsorption in?
|
Ascending loop of Henle.
|
|
|
What are the main uses of Loop Lasix?
|
Hypertension, pulmonary and generalized edema, and renal impairment
|
|
|
What are the adverse reactions to Lasix?
|
Dehydration, Hypotension, Electrolyte imbalance-hypokalemia
|
|
|
What is the reason and what to look for in dehydration with diuretics?
|
Pulls off too much fluid, and look for dry mouth and skin turgor.
|
|
|
Where do Thazide diuretics work best?
|
They work in the early segment of the distal convoluted tubule.
|
|
|
What is the main use of Thazide and what is it not used for?
|
Used for hypertension.
NOT for renal impairment. |
|
|
What is the adverse reaction with the use of Thiazide?
|
Electrolyte imbalance and hypokalemia
|
|
|
What is hypokalemia and what are the signs of it?
|
When fluid is pulled off so is the potassium, and it then becomes low. Signs are- heart issues, dysrhythmias, weak and cramping muscles.
|
|
|
What is the normal range of K+ and what foods increase K+?
|
Norm 3.5-5
Push citrus foods |
|
|
Drug name for Potassium Sparing Diuretics
|
Aldactone
|
|
|
Action of Aldactone
|
Blocks actions of aldosterone in the distal nephron= minimal diuresis
|
|
|
Aldactone can be paired with?
|
Lasix and Thiazide diuretics
|
|
|
What is Aldactone used for?
|
Hypertension,heart failure,with other diuretics for hypokalemia, and can prevent heat scar tissue.
|
|
|
What is the adverse reaction of Aldactone?
|
Hyperkalemia,watch K+ labs, avoid salt substitutes.
|
|
|
What is the name of the Osmotic diuretic?
|
Osmitrol
|
|
|
What is the main action of osmitrol?
|
Increase pressure,increase particles and fluid goes with the particles
|
|
|
What are the main uses of osmitrol?
|
Used to prevent renal failure and to reduce cerebral edema.
|
|
|
What is the main adverse reaction when using osmitrol?
|
Fluid overload- CHF
|
|
|
In what part of the nephron does osmitrol work?
|
In the proximal convoluted tubule.
|
|
|
What are the drugs that affect the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism?
|
ACE Inhibitors (ending in pril)
|
|
|
ACE blocks? in order to do what?
|
Angiotensin. In order to release fluid and decrease BP
|
|
|
What are the actions of ACE Inhibitors Catopril?
|
Inhibits Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) in order to dilate arteries, decrease blood volume, and prevent changes in the heart and blood vessels.
|
|
|
What is Catapril used for?
|
Hypertension, heart failure,MI, and renal disease(diabetes_
|
|
|
What are the adverse effects of Catopril?
|
first dose hypotension
persistent non-productive cough hyperkalemia |
|
|
What is the ARB drug?
|
Angiotensin II receptor blocker, COZAAR
|
|
|
What is Cozaar's action?
|
To block Angiotensin II receptor sites and to prevent angiotensin from doing it's job.
|
|
|
What is Cozaar used for?
|
Hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic neuropathy
|
|
|
What are the sode effects for Cozaar?
|
Wheals from angioedema (hypersensitivity causing edema of the skin)
|
|
|
What is the selective Aldosterone receptor blocker that we do not know much about?
|
Inspra- used in pts that do not respond well to traditional treatment
|
|
|
Calcium Channel Blockers end in what suffix?
|
ine
|
|
|
What are the 3 chemical groups of the calcium channel blockers?
|
phenylalkylamine
benzothiazepine dihydropyridines |
|
|
What do phenylalkylamine and benzothiazepine effect? What are they used for more?
|
they effect the heart rate more,andused for superventriculare dysrhythmias
|
|
|
dihydropyridines primarily affect?
|
Blood vessels more than the heart.
|
|
|
What is the action of calcium channel blockers?
|
Prevent calsium from entering the cell by 1.) slow HR by decreasing discharge an SA.
2.) Slows conduction ofimpulse thru AV. 3.) Decrease contractility in coronary and peripheral arteries. 4.) prevent vasospasm |
|
|
What is the adverse reaction of dihydropyridines?
|
reflex tachycardia, when BP decreases the heart tries to keep up.
|
|
|
The calcium channelblockers also have an adverse reaction of?
|
constipation
|
|
|
Nimodipine is a calcium channel blocker that does what?
|
prevents vasospasm from cerebral vessels.
|
|
|
Nimodipine is used for?
|
cerebral bleeds and vasospasm.
|
|
|
What does verapamil do and what are the side effects?
|
slow HR, decrease contractility, dilates arteries.
Side effects constipation and peripherial edema. |
|
|
What is schizophrenia?
|
disordered thinking and lack of comprehending
|
|
|
what are the positive symptoms and the negative symptoms?
|
P.) exageration from normal.hallucinizations, combativeness
N.) loss, lack of motivation, poor self care, poor selfcare |
|
|
Low potency antipsychotics
have more? |
side effects
|
|
|
High potency antipsychotics have?
|
less sedation
|
|
|
Phenothiazines are high or low potency?
|
low potency
|
|
|
What is the action of phenothiazines?
|
Blocks dopamine and has anticholenergic effects that block tha SNS by slowing the GI, leading to constipation and dry mouth.
|
|
|
Phenothiazines are used for?
|
schizo, disusional disorders, acute mania, depressive psychoses
|
|
|
What are the main side effects of phenothiazines?
|
Eztrapyramidal reactions(acute dystonia), anticholinergic effect (dry mouth and constipation) dedation, orthostatci hypotension
|
|
|
Haldol has what type of potency?
|
high potency that has less sedation. and less side effects than low potency.
|
|
|
What are the uses of haldol?
|
Schizo and acute psychosis
|
|
|
What is the action haldol?
|
Block dopamine and block SNS, it slows the GI tract causing constipationand dry mouth.
|
|
|
What are the side effects of haldol?
|
Extrapyramidal reactions is the main one
|
|
|
What are depot preparations for?
|
They are used for long term schizo therapy to help promote compliancewith pts.
|
|
|
What are the advantages of depot preparations?
|
Lower occurance of relapse. decrease dose- Less potential for tardive dyskinesia
|
|
|
How is depot given?
|
Inject every 2-4 weeks, helps to maintain constant blood levels.
|
|
|
Clozaril/ Clozapine is used for and has what type of side effect?
|
schizo and phycosis related to levodopa. Side effect is agranulocytosis, death of WBC from sepsis.
|
|
|
Dopamine System Stabilizers are used for and their action is?
|
used for schizo and action is to modulate activity of dopamine receptors.
|
|
|
Tricyclic antidepressant name and use and action
|
Tofranil-long 1/2 life, treats major depression by increasing the neurotransmittersto help mood (norepinephrine and serotonin.
|
|
|
Side effects of Tofranil
|
sedation, orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects, cardiac toxcity.
Overdose easy=8x normal dose |
|
|
SSRI's
|
Prozac, Desyrel, Zoloft and Paxil
|
|
|
What is the action and side effects of SSRI's?
|
Selective inhibition of serotonin reuptake and the side effects are INSOMNIA, do not stop abruptly!
|
|
|
What two antidepressants can cause seratonin syndrome?
|
St Johns Wart and Prozac
|
|
|
What is the MAO inhibitor prototype and it's action?
|
nardil, inhibits the intraneuronal monoamine and increases the amt of norep and serotonin available for release from the neurons of the CNS.
|
|
|
What are the side effects of NARDIL?
|
orthostatic hypotension and hypertensive crisis with tyramine products
|
|
|
MAOI'S AND tyramine
|
tyramine is in aged foods meats and cheesed and alcohol and caffine. It causes the MAOI drug to potentiate causing hypertension, tachycardia.
|
|
|
NDRI's
|
Norepine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Wellbutrin |
|
|
Uses of NDRI's
|
depression and may be used with other depressants
|
|
|
Be careful with the use of Wellbutrin in the fact that it can cause?
|
Seizures
|
|
|
Effexor is used for
|
major depression with generalized anxiety disorder.
|
|
|
Effexors action and side effect
|
blocks serotoni,norepinephrine and dopamine/ side effect nausea
|
|
|
Mood stabilizers are used for?
|
Manic-depressive, Bipolar disorder
|
|
|
What are the two main moood stabilizer medications?
|
Lithium and valproic acid
|
|
|
Lithium differs from valproic acid in that it...?
|
has a narrow therapeutic index, toxic is anything above 1.5
|
|
|
describe the action of Litium and sodium.
|
When sodium is decreased then Litium does not excrete from the body and causes a toxic effect. DO NOT GIVE SODIUM RESTRICTED DIET!
|
