Pharmacology Review Questions

Front 1

Pharmacodynamics

Back 1

Is the study of impact of drugs on the body, it includes organ effects, mechanism and adverse effects of drugs

Front 2

Pharmacokinetics

Back 2

Is a branch dedicated to the determination of the fate of drugs administered externally to a living organism. It deals with ADME

Front 3

Absoption

Back 3

drug to systemic circulation

Front 4

distribution

Back 4

drug from systemic circulation to organ

Front 5

Elimination

Back 5

Through liver and kidney

Front 6

Metabolism

Back 6

From systemic circulation to liver or kidney

Front 7

NSAIDs

Back 7

inhibit cycloxygenase 1 and 2, leading to reduction of PGs formation

Front 8

Function of ABC exporters (ATP binding cassette)

Back 8

expels foreign molecules

Front 9

Phase I rxns

Back 9

introducing or unmasking a function group to the structure of parent drugs (oxidation, reduction, deamination and hydrolysis)

Front 10

Phase II rxns

Back 10

conjugation of subgroups to a functional group

Front 11

P450

Back 11

18 families
43 subfamilies
57 genes

Front 12

Phase II products are water soluble or insoluble

Back 12

water soluble

Front 13

Potency refers to

Back 13

the amount of drug needed to produce an effect. dose to produce 50% of the maximal effect EC50

Front 14

Efficacy

Back 14

Is defined as potential maximum therapeutic response Emax that a drug causes.

Front 15

Emax

Back 15

the maximal therapeutic effect caused by a drug

Front 16

TD50

Back 16

Median toxic dose

Front 17

LD50

Back 17

median lethal dose

Front 18

TI = TD50/ED50

Back 18

Therapeutic Index

Front 19

5 receptors

Back 19

1. Intracelullar(steroid, thyroid)
2. membrane receptors that have enzyme activity(insulin)
3. membrane receptors that bind to tyrosine kinase molecules (cytokines)
4. Membrane receptors that have ion channel function(ACh, GABA, serotonin)
5. Membrane receptor that are coupled with G proteins (DA, NE, 5-HT)

Front 20

Down regulation of receptors

Back 20

Caused by agonists

Front 21

Up regulation of receptors caused by

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antagonists

Front 22

Phase I

Back 22

Is it safe? uses volunteers

Front 23

Phase II

Back 23

Dose it work in patients

Front 24

Phase III

Back 24

does it work by double blind

Front 25

Phase 4

Back 25

postmarketing surveillance

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IND

Back 26

investigational New Drug

Front 27

Criterion as NT

Back 27

1. precursor within the presunaptic membrane
2. chemical can be triggered and released by action potentials
3. receptors are located in postsynaptic and presynaptic by action potentials
4. a biochemical inactivation is observed

Front 28

M1

Back 28

CNS and glands
contraction of myenteric plexus

Front 29

M2

Back 29

Heart, CNS
Decreased heart activity

Front 30

M3

Back 30

SM, lungs and glands
Bronchial contraction

Front 31

M4

Back 31

CNS

Front 32

M5

Back 32

Gq protein

Front 33

B1

Back 33

Heart contractility, stimulates kidney release of renin

Front 34

B2

Back 34

relaxes SM, but skeletal muscle vessel dilation

Front 35

B3

Back 35

increases lipolysis

Front 36

A1

Back 36

SM contraction, glands, stimulates sphincters, increased BP

Front 37

A2

Back 37

relaxes SM in GI
inhibits secretions, decreased intraocular pressure by blockage of formation of aquous humor

Front 38

Isoproterenol and Dobutamine

Back 38

B1 agonists

Front 39

Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol

Back 39

nonselective B blockers

Front 40

Combined alpha and beta blockers

Back 40

Carvedilol and Labetanol

Front 41

B2 blocker

Back 41

Butoxamine

Front 42

B2 agonists

Back 42

Albuterol, Epinephrine, NE and Terbutaline

Front 43

albuterol, epinephrine, NE and terbutaline

Back 43

B2 agonists

Front 44

B1 blockers

Back 44

Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol

Front 45

Nn

Back 45

ANS ganglia

Front 46

Nm

Back 46

Neuromuscular endplate depolarization

Front 47

Muscrine, Pilocarpine and bethanechol

Back 47

Muscurinic agonist

Front 48

Atropine

Back 48

M antagonist

Front 49

M1 blockers

Back 49

pirenzepine, Dicyclomine

Front 50

M2 blocker

Back 50

AF-DX116

Front 51

N agonists

Back 51

Nicotine, varenicline, lobeline

Front 52

Nn blocker

Back 52

tubocurarine, succinylcholine

Front 53

ChE inhibitors

Back 53

Neostigmine, physostigmine, parathion, edrophonium

Front 54

ChE regenerator compound

Back 54

Oxime agents PAM and atropine

Front 55

A1 agonist

Back 55

Phenylephrine

Front 56

A1 blocker

Back 56

Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin,

Front 57

nonselective A blockers

Back 57

phentolamine

Front 58

Clonidine

Back 58

A2 agonist

Front 59

A2 antagonist

Back 59

yohimbine

Front 60

Thiopental has hypoalgesia or hyperalgesia?

Back 60

hyperalgesia

Front 61

Ketamine blocks what channel?

Back 61

glutamate

Front 62

What drug has the emergence phenomenon?

Back 62

Ketamine

Front 63

Local anesthetics block what channel?

Back 63

Na+ channel

Front 64

Cocaine blocks?

Back 64

NE reuptake

Front 65

What is the most widely used local anesthetic?

Back 65

Lidocaine

Front 66

AE's of local anesthetics

Back 66

CNS excitation, convulsion, especially with esters

Front 67

DOA can be increased by adding a vasoconstrictor or any adrenergic agonist like NE with what type of drugs?

Back 67

local anesthetics

Front 68

Parkinson's Disease

Back 68

damage to DA neurons

Front 69

Mesolimbic pathway

Back 69

reward and addictive pathway

Front 70

Nigrostriatal controls

Back 70

voluntary movement

Front 71

Strategies to treat PD

Back 71

replace DA
Give DA agonist or block DA catabolism

Front 72

DA act at the what receptors?

Back 72

D2

Front 73

Pramipexole, Ropinerole, Bromocriptine, pergolid, selegiline

Back 73

used for PD

Front 74

COMT inhibitors

Back 74

Tocapone and entacapone for PD

Front 75

Huntington's Chorea

Back 75

GABAnergic neurons degenerate

Front 76

Treatment of HC

Back 76

fluoxetine, carbamazepine, tetrabenzepine

Front 77

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 77

marked atrophy of cerebral cortex, severe degeneration of cholinergic neurons

Front 78

AD treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors

Back 78

Tacrine, Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantidine

Front 79

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

Back 79

hallucination, delusion, disorganized and illogical thought

Front 80

Negative symptoms

Back 80

flat emotional expressiveness, social isolation or withdrawal

Front 81

Is pathogenesis known of schizophrenia?

Back 81

no

Front 82

Older/typical antipsychotics treat positive or negative symptoms?

Back 82

Positive

Front 83

Atypical antipsychotics block 5-HT2A or D2 more?

Back 83

5-HT2A more

Front 84

which atypical antipsychotic can cause agranulocytosis?

Back 84

Clozapine

Front 85

What are the hypothesis associated with depression?

Back 85

Monoamine and neurotropic

Front 86

General mechanisms to treat depression are increase synaptic availabiity of:

Back 86

NE and serotonin

Front 87

SSRI's

Back 87

fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine

Front 88

SNRI's

Back 88

venlafaxine, duloxetine and TCA's

Front 89

5-HT2 antagonists

Back 89

Trazadone

Front 90

What are the hypothesis associated with depression?

Back 90

Monoamine and neurotropic

Front 91

General mechanisms to treat depression are increase synaptic availabiity of:

Back 91

NE and serotonin

Front 92

SSRI's

Back 92

fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine

Front 93

SNRI's

Back 93

venlafaxine, duloxetine and TCA's

Front 94

5-HT2 antagonists

Back 94

Trazadone

Front 95

Tetracyclic and unicyclic antidepressants

Back 95

amoxapine, bupropion

Front 96

MAOI's

Back 96

Phenezine, tranylcypromine

Front 97

Mood stabalizing agents

Back 97

lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid

Front 98

Constipation is a common side effect with what type of drug?

Back 98

opiods

Front 99

Naloxone

Back 99

opioid antagonist

Front 100

Naltrexone, nalmefene

Back 100

opioid antagonists

Front 101

fentanyl is how many times more potent than morphine?

Back 101

100

Front 102

What is tetrahydrocannavinoid?

Back 102

PHC

Front 103

What is the gateway drug?

Back 103

Cannavinoids

Front 104

Amphotericin B MOA

Back 104

binds to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, forms channels and increases membrane permeability

Front 105

Amphotericin B AEs

Back 105

infusion rxns
nephrotoxicity
hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
anemia

Front 106

Azole antifungal MOA

Back 106

inhibit 14-a-sterol demethylase

Front 107

what would you use for aspergillus or candida infection?

Back 107

caspofungin only used IV

Front 108

caspofungin MOA

Back 108

inhibits synthesis of funga cell wall by inhibiting synthesis of B-(1,3)-D-glucan

Front 109

Is Flucytosine a prodrug?

Back 109

Yes, MOA is 5-FUMP

Front 110

Flucytosine AEs

Back 110

bone marrow suppression
rash
N,V,D
elevated LFTs

Front 111

Griseofulvin static or cidal?

Back 111

static, inhibits fungal cell mitosis

Front 112

Griseofulvin is used for?

Back 112

dermatophytic infection

Front 113

which drug is similar to Amphotericin B?

Back 113

Tolnaftate

Front 114

which drug is uses for oral candidiasis?

Back 114

Tolnaftate

Front 115

What drug causes redness, alopecia, hair discoloration and nail disorders with the lacquer?

Back 115

Ciclopirox

Front 116

Do Allylamines cause neutropenia?

Back 116

Yes

Front 117

Isoniazid is cornerstone of treatment for?

Back 117

TB

Front 118

AEs of Isoniazid?

Back 118

Peripheral nuropathy
hepatotoxicity
immunologic mediated fever and skin rashes
systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome

Front 119

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside, can it be given orally?

Back 119

No

Front 120

Rifabutin is good for HIV patients bc:

Back 120

Less p450 enzyme induction

Front 121

What antibiotics can't be used in infants?

Back 121

Chloramphenicol
(gray baby syndome)
Sulfonamides
(kernictirus,bilirubin)

Front 122

What antibiotics can't be used in children?

Back 122

Tetracyclines
(teeth discoloration)
fuoroquinolones
(tendonitis)

Front 123

What antimicrobials can you not drink alcohol with?

Back 123

cephalosporins and metrinodazole

Front 124

Cell wall active

Back 124

bactericidal

Front 125

penicillins cidal or static?

Back 125

Cidal

Front 126

Cephalosporins cidal or static?

Back 126

cidal

Front 127

Do penicillins have trouble with gram - bacteria?

Back 127

Yes bc small peptidoglycan layer

Front 128

what generation of cephalosporins cross the BBB?

Back 128

3rd and 4th

Front 129

carbapenems cidal or static?

Back 129

cidal

Front 130

what type of administration are carbapenems given?

Back 130

only parental administration

Front 131

monobactams cidal or static?

Back 131

cidal

Front 132

vanco broad or narrow?

Back 132

Narrow (gram +)

Front 133

what antibiotic has red man syndrom and ototoxicity?

Back 133

vanco

Front 134

Tetracyclines cidal or static?

Back 134

static

Front 135

Uses of tetracyclines?

Back 135

atypical and community acquired pneumonia, chamydia, tularemia from rabbit, rocky mountain spot fever, acne, lyme's PUD and anthrax

Front 136

Macrolides cidal or static?

Back 136

static

Front 137

macrolides broad or narrow?

Back 137

broad and atypical coverage

Front 138

what is used for treating MAC?

Back 138

clarithromycin

Front 139

Ketolides broad or narrow?

Back 139

narrow

Front 140

What is special about quiupristin/Dalfopristin?

Back 140

make sure to infuse IV oer at least one hour with D5W and not saline

Front 141

Aminoglycosides cidal or static?

Back 141

cidal

Front 142

aminoglycosides AEs

Back 142

otoxicity and neuromuscular blockade

Front 143

Quinolones cidal or static?

Back 143

cidal

Front 144

Sulfonamides cidal or static?

Back 144

static

Front 145

Polymixin B cidal or static?

Back 145

cidal

Front 146

Sulfonamides cidal or static?

Back 146

static

Front 147

Polymixin B cidal or static?

Back 147

cidal