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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thalamus
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Relays sensory data (Pain) from cerebellum, SC, and brain stem to cerebral cortex. Located in diencephalon of brain
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Medulla oblongata
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Carries sensory and motor impulses between brain and SC, and vital functions like vomiting, coughing, swallowing, BP, RR, temp and hunger
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Hypothalamus
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Controls pituitary gloand,controls/regulates ANS, temp, hunger, thirst and anger rage response
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Pilocaprine
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Cholinergic drug that reduces intraocular pressure
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Meteclpromide
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AKA Regland, cholinergic or parasympathetic drug that controls vomiting and increasis peristalsis
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Dopamine
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Dopaminergic and beta 1 receptors. Constrics arteriols except for in the brain and kidneys
Used toTx shock, CHF and increase renal perfusion |
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Phenylpropanolamine
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AKA PPA or Proin
Stimulate alpha and beta by increasing norepinephrine. Used to Tx urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter hypotonus |
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Vapor pressure
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Measurement of how rapidly liquid turns to gas. High vapor pressure evaporate easily (volitile) and need precision vaporizer
Low evaporates slower and a non percision vaporizer can be used |
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Solubility coefficient
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ability to be absorbed/dissolved
Less soluble spends less time in blood and leaves quicker (desirable) |
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MAC
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minimum al;veolar concentration AKA potency. Lowest concentration that produces no response in 50% of patients in response to painful stimuli
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Isofflurane info
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MAC 1.5 in dogs and 1.2 in cats
Fewest adverse effects on the heart and cardiac function close to normal |
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Sevoflurane
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MAC is 2.09 - 2.4 in dogs and 2.58 in cats
Vapor pressure lower than iso, and is less potent than Iso. maintained on 2.5 to 4% |
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Compound A
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Sevo can react w/ baralyme and produce compound A
Kidney damage seen in people, flush system periodically |
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Halothane
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Low MAC at 0.76 in dogs and 0.82 in cats. May induce arrhytmias increase vagal tone
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Methoxyflurane
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Low vapor pressure/non precision vaporizer.
High solubility coefficient 50% removed by liver and excreted by kidnesy MAC= 0.23 in dogs and cats |
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Antipsycotics
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Phenothiazines - Ace, chlorpramzine, etc
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Anxiolytic drrugs
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Bind and promote GABA
Diazepam and buspirone |
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Antidepresants (Tricyclic
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Amitriptyline and clomipramine
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Antidepressants (SSRI)
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AKA selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors
Fluoxetine - Prozac Sertraline - Zoloft Paroxetine - Paxil |
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Antidepressants (MAOI)
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibbitors
Seleggiline (Anipryl)Tx cushings and canine cognitive dysfunction |
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What are the two types of sensory neurons
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A delta and C fibers
A delta: myelinated, sharp pain C Fibers: unmyelinated, dull aching pain |
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4 signs of inflammation
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Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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Arachidonic acid cascade/pathway
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Trauma to cell membrane>Phospholipid release converts to arachidonic acid by phospholipase>> acid acted on by either COX or LOX
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Acetylsalicylic acid
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AKA asprin. All 4 effects and Tx for cardiomyopathy in cats (given every 3 days only)
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Phenylbutazone uses, adverse effects
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AKA Bute, Butazolindin
Used primarily in horses, but can be used in dogs. Tx lameness long term use causes ulceration and renal failure 30 day withdrawl time |
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Flunixin meglumine uses and adverse effects
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AKA banamine
Used in horses (mostly), cattle and off label for dogs for PARVOVIRUS TAKES TEMP DOWN RAPIDLY and can cause DIC in dogs Good visceral pain releif in colic, antiinfflammatory in endotoxemia and musculoskeletal issues IV and PO |
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Carprofen uses and adverse effects
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AKA Rimadyl
Approved for dogs in US only Labs susceptible to acute hepaic failure |
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Ketoprofen uses and adverse effects
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AKA Ketofen
Approved for horses, off label for cats and dogs Musculoskeletal pain and inflammation in horses, post op pain in dogs and cats Monitor for vomiting, anorexia and melena |
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Etodolac uses and adverse effects
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AKA Etogesic
used for pain/inflammation w/ osteoarthrritis in doggs. NOT safe for dogs under 12 months Causes irreversible KCS in some dogs |
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Meloxicam uses and adverse effects
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AKA Metacam
Fewer side effects than other NSAIDs USE caution in cats, 1 single injection of 0.3 mgg/kg IV only, oral suspension not approved for cats. Osteoarthitis and post op pain |
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Deracoxib uses
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AKA deramaxx
Tx of post op pain and osteoarthitis. Great tasting chews so keep away from dog |
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Tepoxalin uses, MOA and adverse effects
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AKA Zubrin
Rapidly disintigrating tab. Dual inhibitor of COX and LOX Side effects include incoordination, incontinence, polyphagia, flatulence, hair loss and trembling |
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Firocoxib uses
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AKA previcox
Tx pain and inflammation of osteoarthitis in dogs, flavored chews |
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DMSO - what does it stand for? MOA and uses
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dimethyl sulfoxide
Free radical scavenger (antioxidant) w/ antiinflammatory and analgesic effects. Penetrates skin and is better for accute inflammation |
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Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans uses, route of administratino and adverse effects
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PSGAG AKA adequan!
Reduce inflammation by reducing prostaglandin release in joint injury Increase synovial fluid viscosity. IM or IA only Dose related inhbition of coagulation in dogs |
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Glucocorticoid contraindications
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systemic fungal, firal and bacterial infections, want to taper off slowly or can cause addisonian crisis
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MIC
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minimum inhibitory concentration. Lowest concentration of the drug which inhibits growth
Sensitive: MIC low enough to not produce side effects in the patient Resistant: MIC too higgh |
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5 ways in which anti microbials work
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1. Cell wall (penicillin, cephalosporins)
2. Cell membrane (antifungals) 3. Inhibit protein synthesis (lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclenes and aminoglycosides) 4. Interfere w/ enzymes or bind w/ intermediate compounds needed by bacteria (Sulfonamide) 5. Impair pruduction of bacterial RNA and DNA (Quinolones) |
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How do penicillans exert their effects?
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BACTERICIDAL and hydrophilic
Effective against gram + and some gram - esp in urinary tract. Many gram - resistant |
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Cephalosporins info and generations
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Bacterialcidal, same MOA as penicillins
Hydrophilic 1st gen effective against gram + 2nd gen and 3rd gen gram - |
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Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
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have floxacin suffic
Bacterialcidal, interferes w/ DNA Effective in - and + bacteria in skin, resp and URI **Lipophilic, can TX prostate infections. Adversely affects developing joint cartillage and Exceding label dose in cats can lead to blindness **RESERVED FOR MORE SERIOUS INFECTIONS |
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Tetracyclines
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Bacteriostatic
Older drugs (tetracycline and oxytetracycline) hydrophilic Newer drugs (doxycycline and minocycline) are lipophilic w/ longer half life, broader spectrum of action and better penetration of tissues MOA is binding to ribosomes and disrupting protein synthesis. Chelation with Ca++ causes discoloration in teeth |
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Sulfonamides
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Can be combined w/ other drugs to make bactericidal
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**Chloramphenicol**
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Bacteriostatic at low doses, and bacteriocidal in high doses
Use is completely banned from use in food animals Can inhibit biotransformation in some drugs and disrupt division of mamalian bone marrow cells, causing supression of bone marrow cell formation |
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Alkylating agents info and adverse effects
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Cell cycle non specific - Inhibits DNA replication
Adverse effects: Neurtropenia, nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, Vominint, hemmorrhagic cyctitis |
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Antimetabolites
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Cell cycle specifis - affects S phase of cycle
Adverse effects: Anorexia V, D, liver, toxicity, CNS toxicity |
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Vinca Alklaloids
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Cell cycle specific - inhibits mitosis and cause cell death
Tx Leukemia, lymphoma, and hemangio sarcoma Adverse effects: Leukopenia and neurotoxic effects |
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Antibiotic Anti-neoplastic agents
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Cell cycle non specific - Bind w/ DNA and inhibit mitosis
Tx for leukemias, carcinomas, and sarcomas *Adverse effects: Severe necrosis if given outside the vein! Immediate hypersensitivity reaction, alopecia, cardiac toxicity (esp in dobies, great danes, rotties, and boxers) |
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Platinum drugs
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Cell cycle non specific
-tx osteosarcoma and carcinoma Advese effects: V,(pre tx w/ antiemetics) nephrotoxicity **EXCRETED THROUGH URINE, AVOID CONTACT w/ URINE |
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Asparaginase
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Cell cycle specific @ G1 phase
-Tx lymphoid neoplasia Adverse effects: Hypersensitivity (give benadryl 30 min prior) hemorrhagic pancreatitis, and nephrotoxcity |
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Glucocorticoids (immunosupresant info)
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Cell cycle non specific @ high doses.
Help revere some ill effects of cancer drugs Tx lymphoid cancers (lymphoma) |
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Azothioprine
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Dogs only
AKA Immuran Inhibits RNA/DNA synthesis @ mitosis Adverse effects: Bone marrow supression, GI effects and hepatotoxicity |
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Cyclosporine
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AKA Atopica and Optimmune
Adverse effects: Anorexia, V, D, increase hair growth in cats. *** Optimmune Tx for KCS*** Tx AIHA, immune mediated thrombocytopenia, usually combined w/ steroids |
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What drugs affect Transduction? Transmission? Modulation? Perception?
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Transduction: NSAID's, Opiods, Local Anesthesia
Transmission: Local anesthesia, Alpha 2 agonist Modulation: Opioids, NSAID's, NMDA antagtonist, Alpha 2 agonist, Local anesthetics Preception: General anesthesia, opioids, Alpha 2 agonists |
