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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the source of natural estrogens?
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ovary
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Give an example of a natural steroid estrogen.
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estradiol = used topically, p/o, or parenterally
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What are nonsteroidal compounds with estrogenic action used for?
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-growth promotants (anabolic)
-maintenance of genital/urinary and integumentary system |
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What are antiestrogens used for?
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-treatment for breast cancer
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What are adverse side-effects of estrogens?
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-decrease sperm numbers
-endocrine disruption -possible cancer |
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What are two uses of progestin (progesterone)?
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-estrus suppression (to synchronize cycles)
-maintenance of pregnancy |
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How are progesterones given and how are they metabolized?
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-p/o or parenteral
-hydroxylated and conjugated |
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What are Gonadotropins used for?
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-induction of ovulation
-increase steroidogenesis, increase follicular development and increase sperm |
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How are gonadotropins usually given?
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-injection because peptide hormones
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What does hCG do and what is it?
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-human chorionic gonadotropin - induces ovulation because acts like LH
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What is gonadorelin used for?
-deslorelin as implant does the same thing |
injectable for cystic ovaries in cow
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Where does oxytocin come from and what does it do?
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-posterior pituitary gland (a peptide)
-uterine contractions and milk let down |
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What is ocytocin used for?
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-aid in parturition
-decrease post-partum bleeding |
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What is ergonovine?
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-from a plant source - is a smooth muscle stimulant and alpha one agonist (acts like oxytocin)a
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What is a prostaglandin?
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-an ecosinoid - autocoid derived from arachidonic acid
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What is the function of prostaglandins?
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-GI mucosal protection
-smooth muscle stabilization -uterine stimulation -renal vasodilation -luteolysis |
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What kind of drug is misoprostol and what is it used for?
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-a prostaglandin
- used for ulcers (NSAID or other prostaglandin antogonist induced) |
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What therapeutic uses do prostaglandins have?
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-luteolysis ( estrus synchronization)
-abortion (smooth muscle stimulant) -treatment of pyometra in the dog (smooth muscle stimulant) -glaucoma (topical) -treat ulcers (misoprotol) -penile vasodilation |
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What are the three ways prostaglandin products are given?
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(1) injectable - luteolysis
(2) topical - glaucoma (3)oral - treatment of ulcers (misoprostol) |
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What are some adverse side effects for prostaglandins?
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-has a relatively large safety margin
-low margin of safety for pyometra treatment in dogs (GI disturbances and and increased respiratory rate) -may decrease conception rates in cows |
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Where are prostaglandins derived from?
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-lipid derived (mediators of inflammation)
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What is the function of glucocorticoids?
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inhibit the formation of arachadonic acid (inhibit phospolipase specifically)
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What is another name for cyclooxygenase inhibitors and what is their function?
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-prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors or NSAIDs
-inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) |
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Once arachadonic acid is converted to endoperoxides via cyclooxygenase, what is formed?
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(1) prostaglandins
(3) prostacyclins (3) thromboxane A2 |
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What are free radicals made by?
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formed from peroxides made by clycloocygenase
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What type of drug is Dimethly Sulfoxide (DMSO)?
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--a prostaglandin antagonist, but more specific it is a free radical scavenger
-a anti-enoperoxidase |
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How is DMSO normally used? IF you use it IV, how much is it diluted?
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-used topically at 90% (really only in vet med)
-used IV at LOW concentrations (less than 10%) |
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What are some adverse effects of DMSO?
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-impurities
-odor -dermal effects -can go thru things you don't want it to go thru -hemolysis -ocular opacities -increased toxicity of anesthetics |
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What kind of properties do NSAIDs have?
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-weak acid
-highly protein bound -biotransformed via oxidation and glucaronidation (microsomal enzymes) AND kidney excretes glucuronide conjugate via tubular excretion -short duration of action |
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What do NSAIDS irritate and why?
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the GI system - target both COX-1 (natural lining of GI tract) and COX-2 (inflammation)
-therefore by attacking COX-1, they take off the lining that prostaglandins help put on |
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What are the good things that NSAIDs do?
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-decrease prostaglandins and their effects on the body
-analgesic AND anti-pyretic (decrease fever) BUT don't lower the body temp of normal people -decrease platelet aggregation |
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What are the bad things that NSAIDs do?
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-can cause bleeding ulcers (GI irritant) because they interfere with blood clotting
-decreases renal vasodilation -acidosis -drug interactions because NSAIDs are weak acids, protein bound, and metabolized by microsomal enzymes -hepatotoxicity |
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What type of drug is asprin?
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-NSAID
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How is aspin given?
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po only
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In asprin, what is the half life for man, a dog, a cat?
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man-1hour
dog-8 hours cat-30 hours |
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What is asprin used for?
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-anything from milk pain to joint disease
-to reduce chance of second heart attack |
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What is an additional side effect (other than normal NSAID side-effects) of too much asprin?
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-ringing in the ears
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What is phenylbutazone and how is it administered?
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-a NSAID
-oral and injectible |
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What is an additional side effect (other than normal NSAID side-effects) of too much phenylbutazone?
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--anemia (dryscasias) that is reversible
-causes Na retention |
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Give two examples of NSAIDs.
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asprin and phenylbutazone
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What is the half life of phenylbutazone in the dog, horse and man? What animals species is it approved in?
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-man-30hours
dog/horse-6 hours -approved in dog and horse NOT dairy cow |
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Why is it important to know that phenylbutazone is 95% protein bound?
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-microsomal enzyme inducer, therefore more chance for interactions
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What type of drug is acetaminophen?
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a COX-3 inhibitor
-different from NSAIDs |
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What are unique features of acetaminophen different from NSAIDs?
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-weak base (therefore don't end up with ulcers)
-NOT anti-inflammatory -NOT the same GI effects |
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What is acetaminophen used for?
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-decrease pain and fever
-often recommended first because safer |
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How is acetaminophen metabolized?
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(1) glucuronidation
(2) sulfation (3) mercapturic acid formation (GSH) |
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What drug is toxic to cats?
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acetaminophen
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What is the antidote to treat cats who have been given acetaminophen?
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acetylcystein ->GSH (augments mercapturic acid pathway)
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What are the effects of opioids?
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-good analgesics that are C-II, C-III, and C-IV
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Give two examples of p/o opioids.
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codeine and butorphanol
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Give two examples of opioids given parenterally.
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morphine and butorphanol
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Give two examples of full agonist opioids - where do they work?
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codine and morphine - action at mu and kappa receptors
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Where is histamine found and what does its release into the body cause?
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mast cells
-vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased secretions, increased capillary permeability |
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Where are H1 and H2 receptors found?
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H1 - vasculature and bronchi
H2 - GI tract |
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Give three actions of antihistamines.
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(1) prevention of histamine release
(2) competitive antagonism at H-2 receptor (3) competative antagonism at H-1 receptor |
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What are some uses for anti-histamines the prevent histamine release?
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-eye
-seasonal allergies (respiratory) |
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Where would you use a competitive H-2 antagonist?
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-for GI disease to decrease gastric acid
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What is an example of a H2 blocker?
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ranitidine
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Which function is typical of an anti-histamine?
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H1 blocker
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What are functions of H1 blockers?
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-decrease histamine (relax bronchial smooth muscle, decrease capillary permeability, decrease secretions, and decrease itch)
-sedating (CNS depression) -anticholinergic -antiemetic |
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Give an example of a H1 blocker. What is its structure?
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-acepromazine (phenothiazine)
-it is a weak base and the structure of it contributes to the type of effects (anti-H1, sedation, and anticholinergic/antiemetic) |
