Pharmacology Quiz 3

Front 1

menstrum

Back 1

a solvent

Front 2

macerate

Back 2

to steep or soak in a liquid

Front 3

percolate

Back 3

to strain, run, seep a liquid through a solid

Front 4

tincture

Back 4

any extract using ethanol and water as the solvents

Front 5

decoction

Back 5

maceration of a solidin an actively heated aqueous menstruum

Front 6

infusion

Back 6

maceration of a solid in an aqueous menstruum when the menstruum in NOT being actively heated during soaking

Front 7

syrup

Back 7

plant extract directly into a carbohydrate

Front 8

mel

Back 8

an extract using honey as the solvent

Front 9

acetract

Back 9

extract using acetic acid

Front 10

fomentation

Back 10

when a cloth is dipped in a liquid plant extract, then applied to the skin

Front 11

poultice

Back 11

to apply a crude herb directly to the skin

Front 12

marc

Back 12

solid material left after a menstruum or solvent has been used to extract something

Front 13

corrigent

Back 13

substance that improves the flavor

Front 14

drug classes

Back 14

overall drug classes are not all named in parallel structure. They will generally tell you something about the drugs themselves-often about their function in the body - but not the same information for each class.
*may be named for general prescriptive function
*may be called by chemical or pharmaceutical name
*may be named for mechanism of action

Front 15

constituent

Back 15

a component part of something

Front 16

active constituents

Back 16

when talking about a particular constituent of a plant, we are only talking about one small part, not the whole.
*therapeutic effect

Front 17

glycosides

Back 17

structurally consist of a glycine and aglycone unit
extremely diverse
aglycone (also called genin) = any other compound attached
linkage between the 2 units can be broken by enzymes (i.e. from gut flora), heat, UV light.
gycone = 1+ saccharide or uronic acid unit

Front 18

inotropic

Back 18

strength

Front 19

chronotropic

Back 19

number

Front 20

cardioactive glycosides

Back 20

+ inotropic, -chronotropic
increase strength of contractions
decrease number contractions
mild diuresis
variability of half-life
Therapeutic dose = 60% of toxic dose (very narrow therapeutic window)

Front 21

Anthraquinone Glycosides

Back 21

hydrolyzed mainly by gut bacteria in LI - aglycone portion released, act directly on colon epithelium to induce water and electrolyte secretion and peristalsis

* generally 8-12 hrs
* can be painful with very strong contractions - often given with herbs with anti-spasmodic properties in western herbalism

Front 22

Phenolic Glycosides

Back 22

-many are also tannins ( structurally belonging to both categories)
-aglycone is simple phenolic unit (benzene ring with 1+ etoh group)
-functionally, not much overlap. Many have anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory properties.

willow
Aspirin

Front 23

Passive Transport

Back 23

No energy required
diffusion

Front 24

factors affecting diffusion

Back 24

concentration gradient- higher vs lower
drug properties: hydrophobic = lipophilic
surface area of the cell - greater surface area = greater absorption

Front 25

facilitated transport

Back 25

involves a carrier protein that facilitates the drug's transport through the cell membrane

Front 26

Active Transport

Back 26

Requires Energy
requires ATP as the energy source to fuel transport across the cell membrane

Front 27

4 types of receptors

Back 27

Ligand-gated ion channels
G-protein receptors
Enzyme-linked receptors
Intracellular receptors

Front 28

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Back 28

ion channels regulate the flow of ions into and out of the cell common ions: Na, K, Cl, Ca
allow the flow of ions in response to binging with a ligand/drug

Front 29

Ligand

Back 29

anything that fits into a receptor
(a drug is a ligand)

Front 30

G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Back 30

receptor spans the cell membrane
attached to a G-protein with 3 subunits: alpha, beta, gamma
second messenger system
(very specific types of proteins - structure)

Front 31

second messenger system

Back 31

magnify the effect of initial activation, and create a cascade effect. This is generally the case with G-protein-coupled receptors. One G-protein can affect hundreds or thousands of proteins. This is known as amplification.

Front 32

Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Back 32

transmembrane receptor
receiving end outside the cell binds a ligand activating or enzyme activity on the portion of the receptor inside the cell.
* involves an enzyme
*may activate or inhibit an enzyme

Front 33

Intracellular Receptors

Back 33

*binds on the inside
completely within the cytosol - receptor itself
drug must be hydrophobic enough to pass through membrane (ie. steroid hormones)

Front 34

Receptor Desensitization

Back 34

repeated activation or inhibition changes a receptor's responsiveness
tachyphylaxis
receptor is desensitized and shows smaller effect of drug d/t neurotransmitter depletion
down regulation: less synthesis of receptor because DNA not being transcribed as frequently
Endocytosis: receptor degraded by lysosomes

Front 35

Tachyphylaxis

Back 35

rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective

Front 36

metabolism

Back 36

biotransformation of substances

Front 37

Metabolism in the Liver: 2 Phases

Back 37

phase 1 - converts a hydrophobic/lipophilic drug into more polar molecules
phase 2- the drug is conjugated by having a molecule added to it, making it more hydrophilic
*both phases have distinct mechanisms of making substances more hydrophilic. Not all drugs need to go through both phases for elimination via the kidneys

Front 38

Cytochrome P450

Back 38

metabolizes drugs in Phase 1
some drugs can inhibit this system. Some drugs can induce it.
interactions are more common with strong inducers or inhibitors

Front 39

Elimination

Back 39

primarily through Kidneys and urine
*the total body clearance of a drug is the sum of its parts: renal, hepatic, pulmonary and other methods.

Front 40

Ion

Back 40

anything with a charge

Front 41

loading dose

Back 41

a large dose of a drug that rapidly increases plasma concentration of the drug. Once required concentration is achieved a different dose of the drug is continued.

Front 42

Therapeutic Index

Back 42

Ratio between toxic dose and therapeutic dose. The larger the number, the safer it is.

TI= TD50/ED50

Front 43

TD50

Back 43

amount that produces a toxic effect in 50% of the population

Front 44

ED50

Back 44

drug dose that produces a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population

Front 45

Therapeutic Margin/Window

Back 45

Expression of the TI as a measure of drug safety
a drug with a narrow margin may have significant toxicities when thrown out of its range.

Front 46

Individual responses can throw a drug out of its range. Factors affecting this include:

Back 46

age
gender
dietary changes
other drugs being taken