Pharmacology Of Drug Abuse

Front 1

What is tolerance?

Back 1

Reduced drug effect with repeated use & the requirement of higher doses to produce the same effect.

Front 2

What is physical dependence? How does it occur?

Back 2

Evidence of signs and symptoms during withdrawal

Physical dependence typically occurs after use over an extended amount of time

Front 3

What is withdrawal syndrome?

Back 3

What occurs during the withdrawal of a drug; symptoms differ for different drugs and the onset of withdrawal varies from drug to drug

Front 4

Describe the onset of withdrawal between long acting and short acting drugs.

Back 4

Long-acting drugs: withdrawal syndrome takes a longer period of time and are less intense

Short-acting drugs: withdrawal occurs after a short period and are very intense

Front 5

Distinguish between spontaneous & precipitated withdrawal

Back 5

Spontaneous: from discontinuing the drug

Precipitated: with the use of an antagonist

Front 6

This drug can produce a benzo withdrawal to occur.

Back 6

Flumazenil

Front 7

What is cross-dependence? What is an example of cross-dependence?

Back 7

When a drug within a pharmacological class can support the physical dependence of another drug

EtOH, barbiturates, and opiods all share the same receptor (GABA-A)

Front 8

What is psychological dependence?

Back 8

Impulsive craving & drug seeking behavior due to reinforcing effects of the drug

Front 9

Differentiate between maintenance therapy & detox?

Back 9

Maintenance Rx: When you prevent withdrawal of the drug with the use of an agonist while using abstinence from the illicit drug

Detox: treating physical dependence by slowly reducing the dose of the drug

Front 10

Long-acting drug = _______ withdrawal onset

Back 10

Long

Front 11

What is the most widely abused stimulant drug?

Back 11

Crack and amphetamines

Front 12

What are the 2 forms of cocaine, and how do they differ?

Back 12

Free-base: smokable crack (inhaled)

Water-soluble HCl salt (IV)

Front 13

Chemical responsible for addiction to tobacco products

Back 13

Nicotine

Front 14

Describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking over the last century.

Back 14

Use of cigarrette smoking is trending downward; 1/2 of peak levels of use

Front 15

Which gender has had a greater decline in cigarette smoking?

Back 15

Men have had a greater decline (because they were once much higher than women)

Front 16

This type of cigarrete is preferred among African Americans

Back 16

Menthol

Front 17

Describe the use of tobacco products among those with psychiatric or substance abuse disorders.

Back 17

Those with psychiatric disorders are more likely to also use tobacco products

Front 18

Why is smoking sometimes called a pediatric disease?

Back 18

Because 85% of smokers began smoking before the age of 19 AND there has also been an increase those who smoke between the age of 12-17

Front 19

What is the neural basis of nicotine?

Back 19

Acts on the nicotinic Ach receptors

Front 20

When nicotine binds to _______ receptors, this NT is released

Back 20

Nicotine binds nACh receptors and causes the release of dopamine.

Front 21

The NT responsible for the reinforcing effects of nicotine.

Back 21

Dopamine release --> reinforcement

Front 22

What are smoking related cues?

Back 22

Way to cause conditioning; sensation on lips, predictable inter-cigarette and inter-puff intervals

Front 23

Cigarretes contains about ____ carcinogens.

Back 23

60

Front 24

Is nicotine carginogenic?

Back 24

No, but systemically it is toxic by causing peripheral vasoconstriction

Front 25

This component of cigarrette smoke reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of Hb.

Back 25

CO

Front 26

Explain nicotine accumulation

Back 26

When the person goes on to smoke another cigarette, all of the nicotine from the nicotine is probably lingering, so you get accumulation.

Front 27

This is what is measured in the blood to determine the presence of tobacco use.

Back 27

Nicotine is converted to Cotinine (a metabolite). This can be seen in the blood of tobacco users

Front 28

What are 2 biomarkers of nicotine use?

Back 28

CO (>8 ppm in smokers)
Cotinine

Front 29

Describe the symptoms associated with nicotine withdrawal.

Back 29

Craving nicotine, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, depression; peaks 24-48 hrs after smoking cessation; less severe than alcohol and opioids

Front 30

What is dependence?

Back 30

Pattern of excessive use; nicotine cause a high incidence of dependence