Pharmacology Of Antipsychotics, Antidepressants And Mood Stabilizers

Front 1

what are the positive-symptoms of psychotics?

Back 1

hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder

Front 2

what are the negative sysmptoms of a psychotics?

Back 2

social withdrawal, emotional flattening, anhedonia

Front 3

what are the causes of schizophrenia

Back 3

genetic factors

environmental factors

neurodegeneration, apoptosis and oxidative stress

Front 4

what are the main neurotransmitters involved in pathogenesis of schizophrenia

Back 4

dopamine

glutamate

serotonin

Front 5

which types of illegal drugs can cause psychotic symptoms

Back 5

amphetamine- dopaminergic

LSD

ketamine

Front 6

how do typical and atypical antipsychotics work?

Back 6

block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways

Front 7

what therapeutic effects do antipsychotics have

Back 7

antipsychotic, sedative, anxiolytic, antiemetic

Front 8

what are the adverse effects of antipsychotics

Back 8

extrapyramidal effects-muscle stiffness, muscle cramping, tremors,

dry mouth and weight gain

Front 9

name 2 typical antipsychotics

Back 9

chlorpromazine

haloperidol

Front 10

name 2 atypical antipsychotics

Back 10

clozapine

risperidone

Front 11

all antipsychotics antagonise which receptors

Back 11

D2 receptors- DOPAMINE

Front 12

blockage of which pathway results in antipsychotic effects

Back 12

mesolimbic/mesocortical

Front 13

describe the mesolimbic pathway (where to where)

Back 13

ventral tegmental area of midbrain to the limbic system AND prefrontal cortex, via ncl accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus.

Front 14

blockage of which pathway results in the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics

Back 14

nigrostriatal pathway

Front 15

describe the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics

Back 15

ACUTE: parkinsonism (rigid), bradykinesia, tremor, akathisia, acute dystonia- invol movements of tongue, neck muscles

CHRONIC: tardive dyskinesia- invol movements of face and limbs - opposite to parkinsonism, as these people have difficulty NOT MOVING, where as parkinsonims people have difficulty MOVING.

Front 16

what pathways blockage results in endocrine effects of antipsychotics

Back 16

tuberoinfundibular

Front 17

describe the endocrine effects of antipsychotics

Back 17

hyperprolactinemia

gynaecomastia- swelling of breasts

Front 18

what is a big risk associated with clozapine

Back 18

Risk of agranulocytosis!

Regular blood counts required

Front 19

potency of antipsychotics is directly correlated to activity at which receptor

Back 19

D2

Front 20

activity at which receptor can reduce the side effect profile (extrapyramidal)

Back 20

Serotonin and muscarinic

Front 21

activity at which other receptors can lead to further side effects (antipsych)

Back 21

H1 and a (alpha receptors)

Front 22

what are the emotional symptoms of depression

Back 22

depressive mood, suicide, guilt

Front 23

what are the biological symptoms of depression

Back 23

sleep disturbance, fatigue

Front 24

what are the 3 mechanisms by which depression can be treated

Back 24

Monoamine theory

stimulation of neurogenesis

trophic effects

Front 25

describe the principles of monoamine theory

Back 25

inhibition of reuptake of monoamines- NA, 5-HT

inhibition of MAO- dec. breakdown

depletion of monoamines in peripheral neurons (reserpine)

Front 26

how do antidepressants effect neurogenesis

Back 26

antidepressants increase production of BDNF („Brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor“)

Front 27

how does stress effect neurons

Back 27

chronic stress, corticoids > neuronal loss

Front 28

name some reuptake inhibitors

Back 28

amytriptyllin- TCA ----serotoninc and norepinephrine

Front 29

name some SSRI

Back 29

fluoxetine, citalopram

Front 30

name a reversible inhibitor of MAO

Back 30

moclobemide

Front 31

what are the side effects of TCA

Back 31

antimuscarinic- dry mouth, blurred vision, arrhythmia

Front 32

side effects of ssri

Back 32

sexual disorder, weight gain, serotonin synd- tremor, aggitation, diarrhoea

Front 33

side effects of iMAO

Back 33

food (cheese reaction) When ingested orally, MAOIs inhibit the catabolism of dietary amines. When foods containing tyramine are consumed (so-called "cheese effect"), the individual may suffer from hypertensive crisis.

Front 34

what conditions are treated by mood stabilizers

Back 34

mania, bipolar, unipolar

Front 35

name 3 mood stabilizers

Back 35

lithium

valproate

carbamazepine

Front 36

what is the important thing about lithium

Back 36

narrow therapeutic window, dose must be adjusted according to plasma concentration