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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the drug Alpha-methyl DOPA treat, and what is its trade name?
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Aldomet
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Alpha-methyl DOPA?
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Prodrug that metabolizes to alpha-methyl NE. (Aldomet)
Acts as an alpha-2-receptor agonist in the vasomotor center to decrease vasoconstriction. |
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What are the side effects of Alpha-methyl DOPA?
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Typical CNS effects. (Aldomet)
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What does the drug Clonidine treat, and what is its trade name?
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Catapres
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Clonidine?
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Acts as an alpha-2-receptor agonist in the vasomotor center to decrease vasonconstriction. (Catapres)
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What are the side effects of Clonidine?
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Typical CNS effects.
Hypertensive crisis with sudden withdrawl. |
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What does the drug Alpha-Methyl Tyrosine (Metyrosine) treat, and what is its trade name?
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Demser
Hypertension, however only with pheochromocytoma (NE secreting adrenal tumor). |
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What is the mechanism of Alpha-Methyl Tyrosine?
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Inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which is essential in NE synthesis. (Demser)
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What are the side effects of Alpha-Methyl Tyrosine.
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Typical CNS effects. (Demser)
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What do the drugs Mecamylamine and Trimethaphan Camsylate treat, and what is the trade name of the first?
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Inversine
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Mecamylamine and Trimethaphan Camsylate?
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Blocks SNS and PNS transmission by blocking nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (Inversine)
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What are the side effects of Mecamylamine and Trimethaphan Camsylate?
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Orthostatic hypotension
Constipation due to parasympathetic effects. (Inversine) |
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What does the drug Reserpine treat, and what is its trade name?
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Serapasil
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Reserpine?
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Depletes catecholamines in the postganglionic neuron to weaken the vasoconstriction signal. (Serapasil)
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What are the side effects of Reserpine?
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Severe depression
Typical CNS effects (Serapasil) Dopamine depletion to cause Parkinson’s-like symptoms |
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What does the drug Guanethidine treat, and what is its trade name?
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Ismelin
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Guanethidine?
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Depletes NE in the postganglionic neurons without getting into the CNS. (Ismelin)
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What are the side effects of Guanethidine?
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Orthostatic hypotension
Bradycardia (Ismelin) |
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What do Alpha-1 blockers treat, and what are some of their trade names?
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Prazosin Terazosin Doxozosin (AOSIN’s)
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Alpha-1 blockers?
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Blocks the effects of NE on alph-1 receptors to prevent vasonconstriction. (AOSIN’s)
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What are the side effects of Alpha-1 blockers?
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Incontinence in women
Benign prostatic hypertrophy in men Bradycardia due to first dose effect (AOSIN’s) |
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What do Non-selective Beta blockers treat, and what are the trade names?
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Propranolol (OLOL’s)
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Non-selective Beta blockers?
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Decreases renin secretion, which is necessary for angiotensin secretion. (OLOL’s)
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What are the side effects of Non-selective Beta blockers?
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Exacerbate asthma
Aterioclerosis Typical CNS effects (OLOL’s) |
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What do Beta-1-blockers treat, and what are some of the trade names?
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Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Beta-1-blockers?
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Blocks beta-1-receptors at the heart to prevent tachycardia, without getting into the CNS.
(Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol) |
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What are the side effects of Beta-1-blockers?
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Bradycardia and fatigue (Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol)
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What do combined Alpha- and Beta-blockers treat, and what are some of the trade names?
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Labetolol & Cavedilol
Hypertension |
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What do Angiotensin Receptor Blockers treat, and what is their trade name?
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Losartan (ARTAN’s)
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
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Prevents the secretion of aldosterone, and blocks the effects of angiotensin. (ARTAN’s)
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What are the side effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
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Can cause fetal abnormalities. (ARTAN’s)
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What do Endothelin Receptor Blockers treat, and what is its trade name?
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Bosentan
Hypertension |
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What are the side effects of Endothelin Receptor Blockers?
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Hepatic toxicity
Testicular atrophy Fetal damage (Bosentan) |
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What is the drug Minoxidil used to treat, and what is its trade name?
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Loniten
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Minoxidil?
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Opens K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle tissue. (Loniten)
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What are the side effects of Minoxidil?
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Cardiac tamponade (Loniten)
Tachycardia Hypertrichosis à Rogaine |
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What is the drug Hydralazine used to treat, and what is its trade name?
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Apresoline
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Hydralazine?
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Elevates vascular cGMP to induce arterial vasodilation. (Apresoline)
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What are the side effects of Hydralazine?
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Lupus-like Syndrome (Apresoline)
Tachycardia |
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What does the drug Diazoxide treat, and what is its trade name?
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Hyperstat
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Diazoxide?
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Administered IV and opens K+ channels. (Hyperstat)
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What are the side effects of Diazoxide?
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Hyperglycemia with reduced insulin secretion. (Hyperstat)
Tachycardia |
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What does the drug Nitroprusside treat, and what is its trade name?
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Nipride
DOC in Hypertensive emergencies |
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What is the mechanism of Nitroprusside?
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Artery and vein vasodilator by NO. (Nipride)
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What are the side effects of Nitroprusside?
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CN- accumulation when in solution. (Nipride)
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What are Calcium Channel Blockers used to treat, and what are some of their trade names?
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Niphedipine, Verapomil, Diltiazem, & Nicardipine (IPINE’s)
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Calcium Channel Blockers?
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Inhibits Ca++ uptake by blood vessels to prevent vasoconstriction. (IPINE’s)
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What do ACE Inhibitors treat, and what is the root of the trade names?
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PRIL’s
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of ACE Inhibitors?
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Inhibits ACE, thereby inhibiting angiotensin II production.
Also prevents the breakdown of bradykinin. (PRIL’s) |
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What are the side effects of ACE Inhibitors?
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Rash
Dry cough Angioneurotic edema Altered taste Fetal damage (PRIL’s) |
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What does the drug Aliskiren treat, and what is its trade name?
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Tekturna
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Aliskiren?
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Prevents angiotensin II formation by binding to renin. (Tekturna)
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What is an IV alternative to nitroprusside?
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Fenoldapam
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What are the drugs Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide used to treat, and what are their trade names?
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Diuril & Hyrodiuril
DOC for hypertension |
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What is the mechanism for Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide?
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Inhibits Na+/Cl- transport in the distal convoluted tubule.
Increases urine volume. (Diuril & Chlordiuril) |
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What are the side effects of Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide?
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Hypokalemia
Arteriosclerosis Gout Slightly inhibits insulin secretion (Diuril & Chlordiuril) |
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What is the mechanism of High Ceiling Diuretics?
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Inhibits Na+/Cl- absorption from the Loop of Henle to increase their concentration in the kidney.
Increases urine volume. |
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What are the side effects of High Ceiling Diuretics?
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Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia Gout Ototoxicity |
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What do the drugs Spironolactone and Epleronone treat, and what are their trade names?
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Aldactone & Inspra
Hypertension with excess aldosterone |
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What is the mechanism of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
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Inhibits the synthesis of the Na+/K+ exchanger in the collecting duct of the kidney tubule. (Aldactone & Inspra)
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What are the side effects of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
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Hyperkalemia
Androgen activity inhibition (Aldactone & Inspra) |
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What do the drugs Triamterene and Amiloride treat, and what are their trade names.
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Dyrenium & Midamor
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Triamterene and Amiloride?
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Directly inhibits the Na+/K+ exchanger in the distal tubule and the collecting duct. (Dyrenium & Midamor)
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What does the drug Acetazolamide treat, and what is its trade name?
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Diamox
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Acetazolamide?
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Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, which is responsible for HCO3- absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. (Diamox)
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What are the side effects of Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide?
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Hypokalemia
Arteriosclerosis Gout Slightly inhibits insulin secretion (Diuril & Chlordiuril) |
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What is the mechanism of High Ceiling Diuretics?
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Inhibits Na+/Cl- absorption from the Loop of Henle to increase their concentration in the kidney.
Increases urine volume. |
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What are the side effects of High Ceiling Diuretics?
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Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia Gout Ototoxicity |
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What do the drugs Spironolactone and Epleronone treat, and what are their trade names?
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Aldactone & Inspra
Hypertension with excess aldosterone |
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What is the mechanism of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
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Inhibits the synthesis of the Na+/K+ exchanger in the collecting duct of the kidney tubule. (Aldactone & Inspra)
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What are the side effects of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
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Hyperkalemia
Androgen activity inhibition (Aldactone & Inspra) |
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What do the drugs Triamterene and Amiloride treat, and what are their trade names.
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Dyrenium & Midamor
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Triamterene and Amiloride?
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Directly inhibits the Na+/K+ exchanger in the distal tubule and the collecting duct. (Dyrenium & Midamor)
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What does the drug Acetazolamide treat, and what is its trade name?
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Diamox
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Acetazolamide?
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Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, which is responsible for HCO3- absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. (Diamox)
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What are the side effects of Acetazolamide?
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Metabolic acidosis
Petit mal epilepsy Alkalanizes urine (Diamox) |
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What are other conditions treated by the drug Acetazolamide?
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Glaucoma
Mountain sickness (Diamox) |
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What is Mannitol used to treat, and what sort of drug is it?
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Osmotic diuretic
Hypertension |
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What is the mechanism of Mannitol?
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Compound stays in the kidney tubule, therefore draws water into the tubule and increases urine volume.
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What do Methylxanthines treat, and what is their common name?
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Caffeine
Diuretic |
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What is the mechanism of Methylxanthines?
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Increases cardiac output and glomerial filtration rate. (Caffeine)
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What is the mechanism of Ethanol?
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Diuretic by inhibiting the release of ADH.
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What is the drug Procanamide used to treat?
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Tachycardia treatment that does not enter the CNS.
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What are the side effects of Procanamide?
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Lupus-like syndrome in slow acetylators.
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What is the drug Dysopyramide used to treat?
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Ventricular arrhythmia treatment with strong anti-vagal effects.
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What are the side effects of Dysopyramide?
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Urinary retention
Dry mouth Constipation Increased IOP |
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What is the drug Quinidine used to treat?
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Treats all arrhythmias.
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What are the side effects of Quinidine?
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Tinnitus
Altered color vision Cinchonism |
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What are the Class 1A anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Quinidine
Procanamide Dysopyramide |
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What is the mechanism of Class 1A anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Blocks Na+ influx into the cell.
Reduces abnormal pacemaker activity. |
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What is the mechanism of class 1B drugs?
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Shortens time to repolarization
(Lidocaine) |
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What is the drug Lidocaine used to treat?
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DOC for ventricular tachycardia.
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What is the mechanism of class 1B anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Shortens time to repolarization.
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What are the side effects of Lidocaine?
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Tremors
Slurred speech |
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What are the class 2 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Propanolol
Metoprolol Esmolol (Beta blockers) |
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What is the mechanism of class 2 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Beta-blockers to inhibit arrhythmia.
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What are the side effects of class 2 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Causes bronchospasms when treating arrhythmia.
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What are the class 3 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Sotalol
Amiodaromes |
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What is the mechanism of class 3 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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K+ channel blockers to treat arrhythmia.
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What are class 3 anti-arrhythmic drugs used to treat?
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Treat atrial fibrillation.
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What are the side effects of class 3 drugs?
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Corneal deposits
Optic neuritis Blue-gray iodine deposits in the skin |
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What is the mechanism of class 4 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Prevents Ca++ transport into the cell.
Decreases SA and AV node conduction. |
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What do class 4 anti-arrhythmic treat?
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Supraventricular tachycardia treatment.
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What are the class 4 anti-arrhytmic drugs?
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Verapamil
Ditiazan Nifedipine |
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What are nitrates used to treat?
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Angina treatment
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What is the mechanism of nitrates?
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Increase cGMP for vasodilation.
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What are the names of the nitrate drugs?
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Nitroglycerine
Isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide mononitrate |
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What are the side effects of nitrate?
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Hypotension
Headaches Tachyphylaxis |
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What is the progression of congestive heart failure?
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-Increased release of Epi
-Vasoconstriction -Increase blood volume via angiotensin II -Enlargement of the heart |
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What does the drug Digoxin treat?
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Cardiac insufficiency treatment that increases cardiac contractility.
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What is the mechanism of Digoxin?
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Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase in the heart and increases vagal tone.
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What are the side effects of Digoxin?
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Yellow-green color vision tinting
Hallucinations |
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Where does Digoxin bind?
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Binds at the K+ site, and cardiac effects are greatly increased with hypokalemia.
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What are the drugs Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil; and what are the trade names?
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Viagra, Levitra, and Sialas
Increases bloodflow to the corpus cavernosum. |
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What is the mechanism of Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil?
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Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase to induce vascular relaxation.
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What are the side effects of Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil?
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Impaired blue/green color discrimination
NAIAN |
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What are the calcium chelator drugs?
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Citric acid
EGTA |
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What are calcium chelators used to treat?
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Intravenous anti-coagulant treatment.
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What is heparin used to treat?
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Prevents clot formation.
Derived from animal organs. |
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What is the mechanism of heparin?
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Binds to antithrombin III to strongly inhibit the clotting cascade.
Does not break down existing clots. |
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What are the side effects of heparin?
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Osteoporosis
Thrombocytopenia Hypersensitivity |
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What are the low molecular weight heparins?
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Enoxaparin
Dalteparin Tinzaparin |
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What type of drug is Fondaparinux, and what what is its trade name?
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Arixtra
Synthetic analog of heparin |
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What is the pharmacological agent of leech, and what does it treat?
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Hirudin
Anticoagulant |
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What is the mechanism of Hirudin?
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Directly inhibits thrombin.
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What is the root of Hirudin synthetic analogs?
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"RUDIN's"
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What is the trade name of Coumadin?
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Warfarin
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What is the mechanism of Coumarin?
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Prevents the synthesis of the active form of vitamin K.
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How do you treat an overdose of Coumarin?
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Treat with massive doses of vitamin K.
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What are some of the concerns with using Coumarin?
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Metabolized by the p450 system
Activity is affected by vitamin K in the diet Pregnancy category X |
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What is the mechanism of a COX inhibitor?
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Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase which synthesizes prostaglandins.
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What are the drugs Cilostazol and Dipyridamole used to treat, and what are their trade names?
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Pietal & Persantine
Platelet inhibitors |
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What is the mechanism of Cilostazol and Dipyridamole?
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that prevent the breakdown of cAMP to inhibit platelet aggregation.
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What do Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel treat, and what type of drug are they?
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Clotting
ADP inhibitors |
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What is the mechanism of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel?
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Prevents ADP from binding its receptors.
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What are the side effects of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel?
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Neutropenia
Agranulocytosis Thrombocytopenia |
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What are the fibrinogen receptor inhibitors, generic and trade names?
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Abciximab - Reopro
Tirofiban - Aggrastat Eptifibatide - Integrilin |
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What is the mechanism of Fibrinogen receptor inhibitors?
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Prevents binding of fibrinogen to platelets.
Can cause thrombocytopenia. |
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What does the drug Anagrelide treat, and what is its trade name?
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Agrylin
Clot prevention |
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What is the mechanism of Anagrelide?
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Decreases the number of platelets in circulation. (Agrylin)
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What are the clot busting agents, generic and trade names?
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Streptokinase & Urokinase
TPA Activated protein C - Drotrecogin |
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What are the clot inducing agents, generic and trade names?
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Aminocaproic Acid - Amicar
Tranexamic Acid - Cyklokapron Estrogen |