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142 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does the drug Alpha-methyl DOPA treat, and what is its trade name?
Aldomet
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Alpha-methyl DOPA?
Prodrug that metabolizes to alpha-methyl NE. (Aldomet)
Acts as an alpha-2-receptor agonist in the vasomotor center to decrease vasoconstriction.
What are the side effects of Alpha-methyl DOPA?
Typical CNS effects. (Aldomet)
What does the drug Clonidine treat, and what is its trade name?
Catapres
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Clonidine?
Acts as an alpha-2-receptor agonist in the vasomotor center to decrease vasonconstriction. (Catapres)
What are the side effects of Clonidine?
Typical CNS effects.
Hypertensive crisis with sudden withdrawl.
What does the drug Alpha-Methyl Tyrosine (Metyrosine) treat, and what is its trade name?
Demser
Hypertension, however only with pheochromocytoma (NE secreting adrenal tumor).
What is the mechanism of Alpha-Methyl Tyrosine?
Inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which is essential in NE synthesis. (Demser)
What are the side effects of Alpha-Methyl Tyrosine.
Typical CNS effects. (Demser)
What do the drugs Mecamylamine and Trimethaphan Camsylate treat, and what is the trade name of the first?
Inversine
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Mecamylamine and Trimethaphan Camsylate?
Blocks SNS and PNS transmission by blocking nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (Inversine)
What are the side effects of Mecamylamine and Trimethaphan Camsylate?
Orthostatic hypotension
Constipation due to parasympathetic effects. (Inversine)
What does the drug Reserpine treat, and what is its trade name?
Serapasil
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Reserpine?
Depletes catecholamines in the postganglionic neuron to weaken the vasoconstriction signal. (Serapasil)
What are the side effects of Reserpine?
Severe depression
Typical CNS effects (Serapasil)
Dopamine depletion to cause Parkinson’s-like symptoms
What does the drug Guanethidine treat, and what is its trade name?
Ismelin
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Guanethidine?
Depletes NE in the postganglionic neurons without getting into the CNS. (Ismelin)
What are the side effects of Guanethidine?
Orthostatic hypotension
Bradycardia (Ismelin)
What do Alpha-1 blockers treat, and what are some of their trade names?
Prazosin Terazosin Doxozosin (AOSIN’s)
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Alpha-1 blockers?
Blocks the effects of NE on alph-1 receptors to prevent vasonconstriction. (AOSIN’s)
What are the side effects of Alpha-1 blockers?
Incontinence in women
Benign prostatic hypertrophy in men
Bradycardia due to first dose effect (AOSIN’s)
What do Non-selective Beta blockers treat, and what are the trade names?
Propranolol (OLOL’s)
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Non-selective Beta blockers?
Decreases renin secretion, which is necessary for angiotensin secretion. (OLOL’s)
What are the side effects of Non-selective Beta blockers?
Exacerbate asthma
Aterioclerosis
Typical CNS effects (OLOL’s)
What do Beta-1-blockers treat, and what are some of the trade names?
Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Beta-1-blockers?
Blocks beta-1-receptors at the heart to prevent tachycardia, without getting into the CNS.
(Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol)
What are the side effects of Beta-1-blockers?
Bradycardia and fatigue (Metoprolol Acebutolol Atenolol)
What do combined Alpha- and Beta-blockers treat, and what are some of the trade names?
Labetolol & Cavedilol
Hypertension
What do Angiotensin Receptor Blockers treat, and what is their trade name?
Losartan (ARTAN’s)
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
Prevents the secretion of aldosterone, and blocks the effects of angiotensin. (ARTAN’s)
What are the side effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers?
Can cause fetal abnormalities. (ARTAN’s)
What do Endothelin Receptor Blockers treat, and what is its trade name?
Bosentan
Hypertension
What are the side effects of Endothelin Receptor Blockers?
Hepatic toxicity
Testicular atrophy
Fetal damage (Bosentan)
What is the drug Minoxidil used to treat, and what is its trade name?
Loniten
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Minoxidil?
Opens K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle tissue. (Loniten)
What are the side effects of Minoxidil?
Cardiac tamponade (Loniten)
Tachycardia
Hypertrichosis à Rogaine
What is the drug Hydralazine used to treat, and what is its trade name?
Apresoline
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Hydralazine?
Elevates vascular cGMP to induce arterial vasodilation. (Apresoline)
What are the side effects of Hydralazine?
Lupus-like Syndrome (Apresoline)
Tachycardia
What does the drug Diazoxide treat, and what is its trade name?
Hyperstat
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Diazoxide?
Administered IV and opens K+ channels. (Hyperstat)
What are the side effects of Diazoxide?
Hyperglycemia with reduced insulin secretion. (Hyperstat)
Tachycardia
What does the drug Nitroprusside treat, and what is its trade name?
Nipride
DOC in Hypertensive emergencies
What is the mechanism of Nitroprusside?
Artery and vein vasodilator by NO. (Nipride)
What are the side effects of Nitroprusside?
CN- accumulation when in solution. (Nipride)
What are Calcium Channel Blockers used to treat, and what are some of their trade names?
Niphedipine, Verapomil, Diltiazem, & Nicardipine (IPINE’s)
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Inhibits Ca++ uptake by blood vessels to prevent vasoconstriction. (IPINE’s)
What do ACE Inhibitors treat, and what is the root of the trade names?
PRIL’s
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of ACE Inhibitors?
Inhibits ACE, thereby inhibiting angiotensin II production.
Also prevents the breakdown of bradykinin. (PRIL’s)
What are the side effects of ACE Inhibitors?
Rash
Dry cough
Angioneurotic edema
Altered taste
Fetal damage (PRIL’s)
What does the drug Aliskiren treat, and what is its trade name?
Tekturna
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Aliskiren?
Prevents angiotensin II formation by binding to renin. (Tekturna)
What is an IV alternative to nitroprusside?
Fenoldapam
What are the drugs Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide used to treat, and what are their trade names?
Diuril & Hyrodiuril
DOC for hypertension
What is the mechanism for Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide?
Inhibits Na+/Cl- transport in the distal convoluted tubule.
Increases urine volume. (Diuril & Chlordiuril)
What are the side effects of Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide?
Hypokalemia
Arteriosclerosis
Gout
Slightly inhibits insulin secretion (Diuril & Chlordiuril)
What is the mechanism of High Ceiling Diuretics?
Inhibits Na+/Cl- absorption from the Loop of Henle to increase their concentration in the kidney.
Increases urine volume.
What are the side effects of High Ceiling Diuretics?
Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Gout
Ototoxicity
What do the drugs Spironolactone and Epleronone treat, and what are their trade names?
Aldactone & Inspra
Hypertension with excess aldosterone
What is the mechanism of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
Inhibits the synthesis of the Na+/K+ exchanger in the collecting duct of the kidney tubule. (Aldactone & Inspra)
What are the side effects of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
Hyperkalemia
Androgen activity inhibition (Aldactone & Inspra)
What do the drugs Triamterene and Amiloride treat, and what are their trade names.
Dyrenium & Midamor
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Triamterene and Amiloride?
Directly inhibits the Na+/K+ exchanger in the distal tubule and the collecting duct. (Dyrenium & Midamor)
What does the drug Acetazolamide treat, and what is its trade name?
Diamox
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Acetazolamide?
Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, which is responsible for HCO3- absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. (Diamox)
What are the side effects of Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide?
Hypokalemia
Arteriosclerosis
Gout
Slightly inhibits insulin secretion (Diuril & Chlordiuril)
What is the mechanism of High Ceiling Diuretics?
Inhibits Na+/Cl- absorption from the Loop of Henle to increase their concentration in the kidney.
Increases urine volume.
What are the side effects of High Ceiling Diuretics?
Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Gout
Ototoxicity
What do the drugs Spironolactone and Epleronone treat, and what are their trade names?
Aldactone & Inspra
Hypertension with excess aldosterone
What is the mechanism of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
Inhibits the synthesis of the Na+/K+ exchanger in the collecting duct of the kidney tubule. (Aldactone & Inspra)
What are the side effects of Spironolactone and Epleronone?
Hyperkalemia
Androgen activity inhibition (Aldactone & Inspra)
What do the drugs Triamterene and Amiloride treat, and what are their trade names.
Dyrenium & Midamor
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Triamterene and Amiloride?
Directly inhibits the Na+/K+ exchanger in the distal tubule and the collecting duct. (Dyrenium & Midamor)
What does the drug Acetazolamide treat, and what is its trade name?
Diamox
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Acetazolamide?
Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, which is responsible for HCO3- absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. (Diamox)
What are the side effects of Acetazolamide?
Metabolic acidosis
Petit mal epilepsy
Alkalanizes urine (Diamox)
What are other conditions treated by the drug Acetazolamide?
Glaucoma
Mountain sickness (Diamox)
What is Mannitol used to treat, and what sort of drug is it?
Osmotic diuretic
Hypertension
What is the mechanism of Mannitol?
Compound stays in the kidney tubule, therefore draws water into the tubule and increases urine volume.
What do Methylxanthines treat, and what is their common name?
Caffeine
Diuretic
What is the mechanism of Methylxanthines?
Increases cardiac output and glomerial filtration rate. (Caffeine)
What is the mechanism of Ethanol?
Diuretic by inhibiting the release of ADH.
What is the drug Procanamide used to treat?
Tachycardia treatment that does not enter the CNS.
What are the side effects of Procanamide?
Lupus-like syndrome in slow acetylators.
What is the drug Dysopyramide used to treat?
Ventricular arrhythmia treatment with strong anti-vagal effects.
What are the side effects of Dysopyramide?
Urinary retention
Dry mouth
Constipation
Increased IOP
What is the drug Quinidine used to treat?
Treats all arrhythmias.
What are the side effects of Quinidine?
Tinnitus
Altered color vision
Cinchonism
What are the Class 1A anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Quinidine
Procanamide
Dysopyramide
What is the mechanism of Class 1A anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Blocks Na+ influx into the cell.
Reduces abnormal pacemaker activity.
What is the mechanism of class 1B drugs?
Shortens time to repolarization
(Lidocaine)
What is the drug Lidocaine used to treat?
DOC for ventricular tachycardia.
What is the mechanism of class 1B anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Shortens time to repolarization.
What are the side effects of Lidocaine?
Tremors
Slurred speech
What are the class 2 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Propanolol
Metoprolol
Esmolol
(Beta blockers)
What is the mechanism of class 2 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Beta-blockers to inhibit arrhythmia.
What are the side effects of class 2 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Causes bronchospasms when treating arrhythmia.
What are the class 3 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Sotalol
Amiodaromes
What is the mechanism of class 3 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
K+ channel blockers to treat arrhythmia.
What are class 3 anti-arrhythmic drugs used to treat?
Treat atrial fibrillation.
What are the side effects of class 3 drugs?
Corneal deposits
Optic neuritis
Blue-gray iodine deposits in the skin
What is the mechanism of class 4 anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Prevents Ca++ transport into the cell.
Decreases SA and AV node conduction.
What do class 4 anti-arrhythmic treat?
Supraventricular tachycardia treatment.
What are the class 4 anti-arrhytmic drugs?
Verapamil
Ditiazan
Nifedipine
What are nitrates used to treat?
Angina treatment
What is the mechanism of nitrates?
Increase cGMP for vasodilation.
What are the names of the nitrate drugs?
Nitroglycerine
Isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide mononitrate
What are the side effects of nitrate?
Hypotension
Headaches
Tachyphylaxis
What is the progression of congestive heart failure?
-Increased release of Epi
-Vasoconstriction
-Increase blood volume via angiotensin II
-Enlargement of the heart
What does the drug Digoxin treat?
Cardiac insufficiency treatment that increases cardiac contractility.
What is the mechanism of Digoxin?
Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase in the heart and increases vagal tone.
What are the side effects of Digoxin?
Yellow-green color vision tinting
Hallucinations
Where does Digoxin bind?
Binds at the K+ site, and cardiac effects are greatly increased with hypokalemia.
What are the drugs Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil; and what are the trade names?
Viagra, Levitra, and Sialas
Increases bloodflow to the corpus cavernosum.
What is the mechanism of Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil?
Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase to induce vascular relaxation.
What are the side effects of Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil?
Impaired blue/green color discrimination
NAIAN
What are the calcium chelator drugs?
Citric acid
EGTA
What are calcium chelators used to treat?
Intravenous anti-coagulant treatment.
What is heparin used to treat?
Prevents clot formation.
Derived from animal organs.
What is the mechanism of heparin?
Binds to antithrombin III to strongly inhibit the clotting cascade.
Does not break down existing clots.
What are the side effects of heparin?
Osteoporosis
Thrombocytopenia
Hypersensitivity
What are the low molecular weight heparins?
Enoxaparin
Dalteparin
Tinzaparin
What type of drug is Fondaparinux, and what what is its trade name?
Arixtra
Synthetic analog of heparin
What is the pharmacological agent of leech, and what does it treat?
Hirudin
Anticoagulant
What is the mechanism of Hirudin?
Directly inhibits thrombin.
What is the root of Hirudin synthetic analogs?
"RUDIN's"
What is the trade name of Coumadin?
Warfarin
What is the mechanism of Coumarin?
Prevents the synthesis of the active form of vitamin K.
How do you treat an overdose of Coumarin?
Treat with massive doses of vitamin K.
What are some of the concerns with using Coumarin?
Metabolized by the p450 system
Activity is affected by vitamin K in the diet
Pregnancy category X
What is the mechanism of a COX inhibitor?
Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase which synthesizes prostaglandins.
What are the drugs Cilostazol and Dipyridamole used to treat, and what are their trade names?
Pietal & Persantine
Platelet inhibitors
What is the mechanism of Cilostazol and Dipyridamole?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that prevent the breakdown of cAMP to inhibit platelet aggregation.
What do Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel treat, and what type of drug are they?
Clotting
ADP inhibitors
What is the mechanism of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel?
Prevents ADP from binding its receptors.
What are the side effects of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel?
Neutropenia
Agranulocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
What are the fibrinogen receptor inhibitors, generic and trade names?
Abciximab - Reopro
Tirofiban - Aggrastat
Eptifibatide - Integrilin
What is the mechanism of Fibrinogen receptor inhibitors?
Prevents binding of fibrinogen to platelets.
Can cause thrombocytopenia.
What does the drug Anagrelide treat, and what is its trade name?
Agrylin
Clot prevention
What is the mechanism of Anagrelide?
Decreases the number of platelets in circulation. (Agrylin)
What are the clot busting agents, generic and trade names?
Streptokinase & Urokinase
TPA
Activated protein C - Drotrecogin
What are the clot inducing agents, generic and trade names?
Aminocaproic Acid - Amicar
Tranexamic Acid - Cyklokapron
Estrogen