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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition of Pharmocology
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The study of drugs
pharmaco = drugs logy = study |
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Definition of Drug
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therapeutic agent;
any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure of disease |
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Who can prescribe drugs?
And who can they prescribe for? |
Physicians - for humans
Veterinarians - for animals Dentists - for dental problems Optometrists - for eyp problems ** In certain states & under special guidelines, physicians assistants, nurse practitioners and pharmacists can prescribe drugs |
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If the dental hygienest cant prescribe drugs, why is it important for them to learn pharmacology? (8 reasons)
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1) Obtaining health history
2) Premedications 3) Administering drugs in the office (local anesthetics, general anesthetics, NO2, Fluoride) 4) Handling emergencies 5) Planning appointments (AM or PM, premed, etc) 6) OTC meds 7) Discussing drug (proper terminology, allergies, side effects) 8) Life long learning (new drugs) |
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Sources of info. for drugs
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Media
- books - journals - CD roms - DVDs - interntet - PDAs |
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Formate of drug info sources
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1) Explain-discuss format
EX. text books 2) Reference-list format EX. enumerate facts about drugs |
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Books specific to dentistry (3)
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1) Your text
2) Some specific to dental students 3) ADA guide to dental therapeutics |
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What is the minimum requirement for drug references in dental offices?
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Every dental office should have at least one reference book that lists the names of both prescription and OTC drugs
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Drugs have how many names?
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All drugs have at least 2 names.
Some have more. |
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Definition of Chemical Name
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The name the drug is identified by when being investigated by a company
It is determined by its chemical structure |
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Definition of Trade Name
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the name given to a drug by a pharmaceutical company who dicovers the drug
This happens once the drug compound has been found to be useful. EX. Tylenol |
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Def of Generic Name
And how many generic names does one drug have. |
The official name of a drug given before it is marketed.
Each drug has 1 generic name. It is selected by the US Adopted Name Council - Not capitalized - Selected so that it does not conflict with other drug names EX acetaminophen |
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How long does a trade name protected?
What law is it protected by? What happens after the protection expires? |
Protected for 17 years
By the Federal patent law After 17 yrs, other companies may market the drug under a generic name. EX. Kirkland acetaminophen |
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What does the FDA require of a drug that is marketed by other companies after the trade name expires?
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The FDA requires that the active ingredient of the generic product enter the blood stream at the same rate of the original trade product
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Local anesthetic
- Generic name - Trade name |
Generic name - lidocaine
Trade name - Xylocaine, Octocaine |
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Def of Chemically Equivalent
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2 formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards established by regulatory agencies
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Def of Biologically Equivalent
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2 formulations of a drug produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood stream
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Def of Therapeutically Equivalent
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2 formulations of a drug have an equal therapeutic effect in clinical trials
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Drugs can be ______ equivalent, but neither ______ or _______equivalent.
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Drugs can be CHEMICALLY equivalent, but neither BIOLOGICALLY or THERAPEUTICALLY equivalent.
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Before generic drugs are marketed, they must be _______ equivalent.
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Before generic drugs are marketed, they must be BIOLOGICALLY equivalent.
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Harrison Narcotic Act does?
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governs the use of opium, opiates, & cocaine
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Food and Drug Administration (DHHS) does?
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grants approval for drugs to be marketed in US
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Federal Trade Commision does?
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Regulates trade practices of drug companies
Prohibits false information/adertisement of food, OTCs, & cosmetics |
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Drug Enforcement Administration does?
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Regulates manufacturing & distribution of substances with potential for abuse (narcotics)
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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act does?
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Mandates pharmacists to provide counseling and drug review of medicare patients.
--> but now pharmacists do it for everyone |
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Clinical evaluation of new drug
Phase 1 |
Small group.
Then increasing doeses to healthy individuals to check safety |
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Clinical evaluation of new drug
Phase 2 |
Medium size group
Check efficacy and safety. Report adverse reactions |
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Clinical evaluation of new drug
Phase 3 |
Large size group
Safety and efficacy, dosage |
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Clinical evaluation of new drug
Phase 4 |
Post marketing surveilance
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Guidelines for Prescription writing (5)
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1) Have to be clear
2) Without mistakes 3) Pharmacy uses metric system based on 10 4) Solid drugs are dispensed by weight...Liquid drugs dispensed by volume 5) For household use doses are often changed from metric to convenient measures EX. mL --> Tbsp or Tsp |
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Format of Rx
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1) Heading
- Superscription: patient name, address, age, date 2) Body - Inscription: drug information - Subscription: directions to pharmacist 3) Closing - Transcription: signature, direction to the patient |
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Rx Abbreviations the following mean?
bid disp PO prn q qid Sig tid |
bid = twice a day
disp = dispense PO = by mouth prn = as required q = every qid = 4 times a day Sig = write tid = 3 times a day |
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Precautions for Rx (4)
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1) Office should keep a copy of each prescription written
2) Prescribe only to a patient of record 3) Prescribe only for a dental condition 4) Keep prescription pads & DEA number in a safe place |
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Scheduled drugs = ?
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Controlled substances are classified accourding to their abuse potential
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Classifications for Schedule Drugs (5)
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Schedule I - only for research
Schedule II - (oxycodone, morphine) - written prescrip - no refillls Schedule III - (codeine mixtures) - no more than 5 refills in 6 months - can be called in Schedule IV - (Diazepam) - same as above Schedule V - (codeine containing cough syprups) - OTC |