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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Is the sympathetic nervous system the adrenergic system or the cholinergic system?
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adrenergic
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What are the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
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- norepinephrine
- epinephrine - dopamine |
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Which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
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sympathetic
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What activates the "fight or flight" response?
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internal or external stress
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Is the parasympathetic system the adrenergic or cholinergic system?
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cholinergic
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What is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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acetylcholine
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What branch of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" system?
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parasympathetic
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What are the 4 categories of drugs used to influence the autonomic nervous system?
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- andrenergic agonists
- andrenergic antagonists - cholinergic agonists - cholinergic antagonists |
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Andrenergic Agonist Drugs are also referred to as what?
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Sympathomimetics
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Andrenergic Antagonist Drugs are also referred to as what?
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Blockers or Sympatholytics
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Cholinergic Agonists are also referred to as what?
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Parasympathomimetics or Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
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Cholinergic Antagonists are also referred to as what?
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Anticholinergics or Parasympatholytics
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Adrenergic drugs mimic what 3 hormones?
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- norepinephrine
- epinephrine - dopamine |
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What are the 5 receptor sites that adrenergic agonist drugs (sympathomimetics) act on?
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- alpha1
- alpha2 - beta1 - beta2 - dopaminergic |
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What is released when alpha1 receptors are stimulated?
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norephinephrine, epinephrine, and/or dopamine
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What changes occur in the body when alpha1 receptors are stimulated?
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- force of cardiac contraction increases
- arterioles and venules vasoconstrict (which increases bp and blood return to the heart) - pupils dilate - bladder neck contracts - salivation decreases |
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What occurs to the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine when alpha2 receptors are stimulated?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine are inhibited
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What changes occur in the body when alpha2 receptors are stimulated?
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- blood pressure decreases
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What is the purpose of alpha2 receptors since they generally function opposite of normal sympathetic nervous system responses?
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they function in a negative feedback mechanism; to maintain homeostasis
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What is released when beta1 receptors are stimulated?
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norepinephrine, epinephrine and/or dopamine
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What changes occur in the body when beta1 receptors are stimulated?
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- force of cardiac contraction and heart rate increases
- increase renin from the kidneys (which raises bp) - intra-ocular pressure is increased |
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What is released when beta2 receptors are stimulated?
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- epinephrine
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What changes occur in the body when beta2 receptors are stimulated?
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- bronchioles are dilated
- gastrointestinal and uterine relaxation occur |
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What changes occur in the body when dopaminergic receptors are stimulated?
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- coronary arteries, renal blood vessels, and visceral blood vessels are dilated
- periphery vessels are constricted (preferential perfusion) |
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Does beta1 stimulation affect the heart or lungs?
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heart
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Does beta2 stimulation affect the heart or lungs?
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lungs
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What are catacholamines?
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endogenous substances (such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine)
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What type of drugs block the effects of the sympathetic neurotransmitters?
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- adrenergic antagonist drugs (blockers/sympatholytics)
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What are the 2 type of adrenergic antagonist drugs?
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- alpha adrenergic blockers
- beta adrenergic blockers |
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Drugs that reduce the level of dopamine in the brain are called what? What agents are they often used in?
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anti-dopaminergic drugs - often used as anti-anxiety and anti-pyschotic agents
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Alpha adrenergic blockers ___________ arterioles.
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vasodilate
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What are 3 disorders that alpha adrenergic blockers are used for?
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- HTN (hypertension)
- PVD (peripheral vascular disease) - BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) |
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What changes occur in the body when alpha adrenergic blockers are taken?
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- vasodilation
- relax smooth muscles of urethra to improve urine flow |
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What is the largest concern with alpha adrenergic blockers?
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- they decrease the force of cardiac contraction which may predispose some clients to CHF (congestive heart failure) - this may result in reflex tachycardia
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What changes occur in the body when beta adrenergic blockers are taken?
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- heart rate slows
- bp decreases due to vasodilation - decreases release of renin from the kidneys - cardiac contraction force is decreased |
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What are 3 disorders that Beta Andrenergic blockers are used to treat?
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- tachycardia
- hypertension - CAD (coronary artery disease) |
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Like Alpha Adrenic Blockers, what is a major concern with Beta Adrenic Blockers?
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certain clients can be predisposed to congestive heart failure
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Watch for tachycardia and hypertension. |
Sympathomimetic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Hypotension can result |
Sympatholytic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Use cautiously in clients with CAD or hypertensive disaese |
Sympathomimetic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Watch for reflex tachycardia |
Sympatholytic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Watch for bradycardia |
Sympatholytic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Used when a person is coding to increase BP and HR |
Sympathomimetic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Used for severe asthma attacks |
Sympathomimetic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Watch for signs of decreased cardiac output |
Sympatholytic
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
Not recommended for clients with COPD |
Sympatholytic (specifically beta blockers)
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Sympathomimetic OR Sympatholytic?
causes bronchodilation |
Sympathomimetic
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What drug group is said to activate the "Fight or Flight" response?
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Adrenergic Agonist drugs (sympathomimetics)
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What drug group is said to activate the "rest and digest" response?
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Adrenergic antagonists
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What body system do Cholinergic drugs stimulate?
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parasympathetic nervous system
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Cholinergic drugs mimic what neurotransmitter?
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acetylcholine
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What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?
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1. muscarinic receptors that stimulate smooth muscle and slow heart rate
2. nicotinic receptors that affect the skeletal muscles |
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How do direct acting cholinergic drugs work?
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they act directly on acytylcholine receptors
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How do indirect-acting cholinergic drugs work?
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they inhibit the action of acytylcholinesterase
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What changes occur in the body when the cholinergic system is stimulated?
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- heart rate decreases
- blood pressure decreases (due to vasodilation) - bronchial secretions increase - salivation increases - peristalsis increases - bladder tone increases - sweating increases - secretion of gastric acid increases - urinary sphincter relaxes - intra-ocular pressure is decreased |
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How do cholinergic antagonists work?
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they inhibit the action of acetylcholine by competing with it for space on the receptors
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What effect do you expect to see on the body with cholinergic antagonists?
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- heart rate increases
- bronchodilation occurs - bronchial secretions decrease - salivation decreases - gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid decrease - bladder tone decreases - urinary spincter tone increases - intra-ocular pressure increases |
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Abdominal cramping |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Diarrhea can occur |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
"Cholinergic crisis" (respiratory arrest from increased secretions) |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Dry mouth likely to occur |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Dehydration possible |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Constipation possible |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Urinary retention possible |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Intra-ocular pressure can increase; use cautiously in clients with glaucoma |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Blurry vision can occur |
Parasympatholytic
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IV dopamine and phenylephrine should be infused through a central venous line. Why?
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Because if given through a peripheral line and infiltration occurs, the surrounding tissue will become vasoconstricted - could cause gangrene.
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Over use of vasoconstricting nasal sprays can cause what?
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rebound vasodilation of the nasal mucosa
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Sympathetomimetic or Sympatholytic?
used to slow or stop contractions in preterm labor |
sympathomimetic
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Sympathetomimetic or Sympatholytic?
used to treat COPD |
sympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Used for early to middle Alzheimer's Disease |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
used to maintain muscle strength in Myasthenia Gravis |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
used to reduce intraocular pressure |
Parasympathomimetic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
used for irritable bowel sydrome |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Used for bronchodilation |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
used to dry respiratory tract secretions |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Used for spastic bladder |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Can increase heart rate; used to treat bradycardia |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Can treat tremors in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson like syndromes |
Parasympatholytic
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Parasympathomimetic or Parasympatholytic?
Used to dilate pupils for eye exams |
Parasympatholytic
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