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230 Cards in this Set
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Absorption
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the process of a drug passing through a body surgace to the tissues of the body
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Action
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a description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of a drug
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Adverse effects
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possible untoward secondar effect other than the desired effect
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Adverse reaction
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harmful unintended reaction to a drug
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Allergic reaction
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hypersensitivity to a drug with symptoms ranging from a rash to an anaphylaxis
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Ampule
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glass container for ingectable drugs that must be broken at the neck to withdraw the medication
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Anaphylaxis
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severe life-threateninn hypersensitivity to a foreign substance or drug; symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain or tightness, life-threatening arrhythmias, and death
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Antagonism
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opposing action of a drug that decreases or cancels the effect of another drug
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Buccal
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in the pouch of the cheek
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Contraindication
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condition or situation that indicates a drug should not be given
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Controlled substance
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a drug that is controlled by prescription because of the potential for addiction or abuse
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Cumulative effect
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an increased effect of drug action in the body as it accumulates in the body
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Distribution
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circulation of a drug to the organs of the body after the drug is absorbed
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Dosage
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amount of drug given for the desired effect
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Generic name
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general, common, or nonproprietary name of a drug
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Homeostasis
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body in normal, balanced state
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Indication
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condition that a drug is intended to treat
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Inhalation
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the process of anesthesia by which an anesthetic gas is inhaled; some respiratory drugs also are inhaled as their route of administration
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Intra-articular
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injected into the joint
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Intradermal (ID)
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injected into layers of the skin
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Intramuscular (IM)
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injected into a muscle
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Intravenous (IV)
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injected in the vein
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Local (anesthetic)
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medication administered to produce temporary loss of sensation or feeling in a specific area
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Parenteral
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any route of administration not involving the gastrointestinal tract
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Placebo
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medication with inert or inactive ingredients given in blind drug studies with no chmical effect on the patient. Used to measure effectiveness of the "real" drug being studies by comparing patients who take the placebo and patients who take the real drug.
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Potentiation
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increased effect when two drugs are given simultaneously for greater action than if given separately; also known as synergism
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Precautions
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list of conditions or types of patients that require closer monitoring for specific side effects when given a drug
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Route
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the specific method of delivery of a drug: IM, IV, PO, etc
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Subcutaneous (SC, SQ, SubQ)
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beneath the skin
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Sublingual (SL)
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under the tongue
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Topical
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applied to a specific area for local effect, usually the skin or mucous membranes
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Toxicity
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condition that occurs whn a dangerous amount of a drug is given and that can be fatal depending on the drug and body systems affected
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Trade name (brand name)
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name assigned to a drug by a pharmaceutical company
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Vial
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glass or plastic container with a rubber stopper that must be punctured with a needle to withdraw a drug or reconstitute a drug in powder form
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GI tract routes
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PO, NG, R
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Parenteral routes
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SL, Buccal
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Injection routes
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IV, IM, SubQ, ID, Intracardiac, Intra-articular, Intraspinal, Intrathecal
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Other routes
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Topical, Inhalation
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AD
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right ear
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AS
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left ear
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AU
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bilateral ears
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bid
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twice a day
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c
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without
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cc
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cubic centimeters
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KVO
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keep vein open
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OD
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right eye
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OS
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left eye
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OU
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both eyes
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R
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rectal
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s
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without
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analeptics
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drugs used to stimulate the central nervous system
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analgesics
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drugs used to relieve pain
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anesthetics
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drugs used to provide anesthesia fro surgical procedures; can be delivered by local, regional, or general methods
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antibiotics
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drugs used to treat infection
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anticoagulants
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drugs used to reduce clotting factors of blood
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anticonvulsants
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drugs used to reduce and/or stop serizures/convulsions
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antidiurectics
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drugs used to decrease the excretion or urine
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antiemetics
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drugs used to prevent nausea and vomiting
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cardiac medications
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drugs used to increase or decrease heart function
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CNS stimulants
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drugs used to stimulate nerve receptors within the central nervous system
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coagulants
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drugs used to increase clotting factors of blood
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contrast media
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agents used to enhance vusualization of anatomical structures and any abnormalities
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diuretics
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drugs used to increase the excretion of urine
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dyes
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drugs used to stain pathological specimens
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emetics
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drugs used to induce vomiting
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gastric medications
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drugs used to reduce secretions in the stomach
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hemostatic agents
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chemical agents in a variety of forms that enhance clot formation
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hormones
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drugs used to replace natural hormones usually produced in the body
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irrigation solutions
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fluids used to flush, wash, or soak structures/tissues during surgery
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Narcotic antagonists
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drugs used to reverse the effects of narcotics
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Narcotics
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drugs with a high potential for abuse
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obstetrical agents
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drugs used during labor and childbirth
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Ophthalmic medications
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drugs used in the eye
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sedative/Hypnotic agents
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drugs used to produce sedation or sleep
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tranquilizers
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drugs used to produce relaxation
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Pharmacokinetics
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when the body processes a drug, once within the body, the drug undergoes several changes to include: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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Absorption
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the drug getting into the bloodstream, rate of absorption depends on method of admisitration
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Distribution
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the drug moving from the bloodstream into the tissues, fluids, and organs of the body. The chembical properties of the drug will determine the rate of distribution and the target cells or tissues for the desired effect
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Metabolism (biotransformation)
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the physical and chemical changes that occur as the liver breaks down the drug and prepares it for excretion from the body. Some drugs can bypass the process of metabolism and reach the kidneys virtually unchanged. The rate of metabolism will depend on the drug, patient's age, physical condition, and liver function
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Excretion
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the process of the body removing the drug through the kidneys via urine. Some drugs can be excreted through the lungs, perspiration, feces, bile, and breast milik, but most are excreted by the kidneys
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placebo effect
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the more positive a patient feels about a medication, the more positive the physical response
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PharmacoDYNAMics
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the term used to describe the interaction of the drug with the target cells
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5 Rights of Med ADMIN
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Right Patient
Right Medication Right Amount or Dose RIght Time Right Route |
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Onset
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the beginning of the drug's desired effect on the target cells within the body
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Peak (effect)
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when the drug is at the most effective stage of the desired effect in the target cells
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Duration
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the length of time between the onset of action and the cessation of action
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Indication
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the condition or symptom in the patient that the drug is intended to treat or alleviate
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Contraindication
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a condition or situation in which a drug should not be given. This can range from a hypersensitivity to the drug or another medication being taken, the combination of which could cause untoward effects
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Action
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The effect of the drug at the target cells
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Side effects
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secondary effects and are not the desired effect of the drug. Some side effects can be mild, such as a dry mouth, or more problematic, such as constipation. Generally, side effects are tolerated as they are usually mild
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Adverse effects
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secondary effects that are more severe than side effects. Adverse effects can be life-threatening, such as anaphylactic reaction or liver damage. When adverse effects are encountered, the medication is discontinued
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Tolerance
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the reduced therapeutic response to a drug following repeated doses
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Relaxation
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desired effect is muscle relaxation, working on CNS receptors nerve impulses are blocked to stop or delay muscle spasms
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Sedation
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desired effect is calmness and decrease of nervousness to the point of the patient being induced to a state of sleep
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Amnesia
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desired effect of IV conscious sedation agents and adjuncts to anesthesia in which the patient does not remember the immediate preoperative phase
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Neuroleptic
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desired effect is tranquilizing action
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Analgesia
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desired effect is to relieve pain; may be narcotic or nonnarcotic
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Drying agents
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desired effect is to inhibit secretion of fluids, usually repiratory tract
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Gastric acid reduction
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desired effect is to reduce or inhibit gastric (stomach) secretions during all phases of surgery and postoperatively
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vagal blockage
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desired effect is to block stimulus to the vagus nerve, part of the autonomic nervous system
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Synergist
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an action that occurs when an agent increases the effectiveness
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Agonist
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a chemical or drug action that occurs naturally in the body
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Antagonist
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an action on the nervous system that occurs when a chemical or drug blocks the effect of a chamical or drug occuring naturally in the body (agonist) by combining with and blocking the agonist nervous receptor
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Additive
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an action that occurs when a second agent is added to enhance the effect of the first agent
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micro
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one millionth or 0.000001 of the primary unit (micrograms or mcg)
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milli
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one thousandth or 0.001 of the primary unit (milligrams or mg)
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centi
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one hundredth or 0.01 of the primary unit (centimeters or cm)
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deci
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one tenth or 0.1 of the primary unit (deciliters or dl)
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kilo
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one thousand or 1000 times the primary unit (kilograms or kg)
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primary or base unit of measurement for weight:
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gram
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primary or base unit of measurement for volume:
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liter
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primary or base unit of measurement for length:
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meter
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1 gt= x ml
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x= 0.05ml
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1 tsp = x ml
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1 tsp = 5 ml
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1 tbs = x ml
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1 tbs = 15 ml
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1 oz = 2 tbs = x ml
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1 oz = 2tbs = 30 ml
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1 lb = 16 oz = x ml
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1 lb = 16 oz = 500 ml
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1 cup = 8 oz = x ml
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1 cup = 8 oz = 240 ml
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1 pt = 2 cups = x ml
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1 pt = 2 cups = 500 ml
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1 qt = 4 cups = 2 pt = x ml
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1 qt = 4 cups = 2 pt = 946.4 ml
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1 gr (grain) = x mg
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60
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1 qt = x pt
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2
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1 pt = x ml
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500
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1 oz = x ml
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30
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1 dram = x g
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4
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1 minim = x drop
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1
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milliequivalents are used for:
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calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium
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Analgesics (Narcotic Analgesics)
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butorphanol tartrate (Stadol)
fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) fentanyl and droperidol (Innovar) hydromorphinone hydrochloride (Dilaudid) ketorolac tromethanmine (Toradol) meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) morphine sulfate nalbuphine hydrochloride (Nubain) sufentanil citrate (Sufenta) |
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butorphonal tartrate
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Stadol
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should NOT be used in patients with head injuries or increased ICP
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fentanyl citrate
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Sublimaze
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should NOT be used in patients with head injuries, increased ICP, COPD, liver and kidney dysfunction
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fentanyl and droperidol
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Innovar
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causes amnesic state, does NOT have a toxic effect on the kidneys or liver, antiemetic effect occurs and can be used to treat pain/nausea
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hydromorphinone hydrochloride
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Dilaudid
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can cause repiratory depression, dizziness, decreased renal and bowel function
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ketorolac tromethamine
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Toradol
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-NONnarcatoic analgesic, NSAID
-should not be used in patients with a known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs, renal insufficiency, GI bleeding, active peptic ulcer deisease, and risk of bleeding |
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meperidine hydrochloride
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Demerol
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should NOT be given to patients with convulsive disorders or with undiagnosed abdominal pain
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morphine sulfate
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should not be given to patients with increased ICP, convulsive disorders, chronice pulmonary diseases, respiratory depression etc
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nalbuphine hydrochloride
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Nubain
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should NOT be given to patients with known hypersensitivity (bradycardia/tachycardia, blurred vision, n/v)
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sufentanil citrate
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Sufenta
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Used as a PRIMARY anesthetic and as an analgesic supplement in maintenance of balanced general anesthesia
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ANESTHETICS
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bupivacaine hydrochloride (Marcain/Sensorcaine)
cocaine hydrochloride ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar) lidocaine hydrochloride (Anestacon, Xylocaine) mepivacaine hydrochloride (Carbocaine) methohexital sodium (Brevital Sodium) procaine hydrochloride (Novocain) propofol (Diprivan) tetracaine hydrochloride (Ponticaine) thiopental sodium (Pentothal) |
drugs used to provide anesthesia for surgical procedures; can be delivered by local, regional, or general
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bupivacaine hydrochloride
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Marcaine/Sensorcaine
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Local infiltration anesthesia, peripheral, sympathetic nerve, epideral including caudal block anesthesia. May be combined with epinephrine for enhanced effect
* Should NOT be given with hx of malignant hyperthermia |
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cocaine hydrochloride
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TOPICAL for ENT, OB/GYN, Rectal
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Should NOT be given to patients with known hypersensitivity or sepsis in region of application
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ketamine hydrochloride
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Ketalar
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Sole anesthetic agent for surgical procedures of short duration that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation.
- Can be used to induce anesthesia before administration of other general anesthetics or to supplement low-potency anesthetics - NOT used on throat and bronchial tree procedures |
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lidocaine hydrochloride
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Anestacon, Xylocaine
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Anesthetic (local/regional), antiarrhythmic
-NOT used on pt with heart block of any type |
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mepivacaine hydrochloride
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Carbocaine
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local/regional anesthetic including peripheral nerve block and epidural
* drug has few adverse effects and minimal tissue irritation |
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methohexital sodium
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Brevital Sodium
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-Induction of anesthesia, as a supplement for other anesthetics, and as general anesthetic for brief procedures
-should NOT be given to pregnant patients |
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procaine hydrochloride
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Novocain
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Spinal anesthesia and epidural and peripheral nerve block by injection and infiltration methods (local/regional)
* Should NOT be given to pt with heart block, hypotension, hypertension, and GI bleeding or hemorrhage |
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propofal
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Diprivan
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induction and/or maintenance of anesthesia
* should NOT be given to pt with hypersensitivity to soybean oil or egg, ICP, or any obstetric procedure |
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tetracaine hydrochloride
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Ponticaine
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Topical/local/regional anesthetic for ophthalmic, laryngeal, esophageal and endoscopic
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thiopental sodium
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Pentothal
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to induce hypnosis and anesthesia prior to or as a supplement to other anesthetic agents or as a sole agent for brief procedures
* should NOT be given to pt with asthma or hepatic disease |
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ANTIBIOTICS: drugs used to treat infection
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bacitracin
cefazolin sodium (Ancef/Kefzol) cefoperazone sodium (Cefobid) cefotetan disodium (Cefotan) cefoxitin sodium (Mefoxin) ceftazidime (Fortaz) cefuroxime sodium (Zinacef) ciprofloxacin (Cipro IV) co-trimoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim DS) gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin) kanamycin (Kantrex) metronidazole (Flagyl) rocephin vancomycin hydrochloride (Vancomycin) |
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bacitracin
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antibiotic, anti-infective
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-used primarily as a prophylactic irrigant especially in open craniotomy
-causes bubbling when mixed IV |
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cefazolin sodium
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Ancef/Kefzol
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- antibiotic, cephalosporin
- used as prophylaxis before surgery and during contaminated procedures. Used as a topical irrigant during surgery also |
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cefoperazone sodium
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Cefobid
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- Antibiotic, cephalosporin
- used preoperatively in procedures where risk for infectio nis high or the patient is currently infected and surgery cannot wait |
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cefotetan disodium
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Cefotan
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-antibiotic, cephalosporin
- preop prophylaxis -If used during Csection, can be given after umbilical cord is clamped |
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cefoxitin sodium
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Mefoxin
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antibiotic, cephalosporin
- used for serious infections of the respiratory, GI, GU, or joints |
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ceftazidime
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Fortaz
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- antibiotic, cephalosporin
- serious infections of ower respiratory tracts, urinary tract, and intra-abdominal infections |
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cefuroxime sodium
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Zinacef
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- antibiotic, cephalosporin
- prophylaxis prior to surgery |
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ciprofloxacin
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Cipro IV
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- antibiotic, fluoroquinolones (synthetic, broad-spectrum)
- mild to severe infections including complicated and severe bone infections |
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co-trimoxazole
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Bactrim, Bactrim DS
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- antibiotic, sufonamides (synthetic, antimicrobial)
- used as a topical irrigant in a variety of specialties |
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gentamicin sulfate
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Garamycin
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- antibiotic, aminoglycosides (mycin's of sugar effective against certain types of bacteria)
- Endocarditis prophylaxis for GI or GU surgery |
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kanamycin
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Kantrex
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- antibiotic (aminoglycosides)
- topical irrigant used as prophylaxis during GI or GU surgery and can be instilled via wound drain |
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metronidazole
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Flagyl
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- amebicide
- prophylactic anti-infective used before colorectal surgery |
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rocephin
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most infections and serious intra-abdominal infections
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antibiotic, cephalosporin
- *if given IM should be in large muscle with lidocaine |
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vacomycin hydrochloride
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Vancomycin
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- serious or severe i nfections when other anticiotics are ineefective or contraindicated
- may be used to treat MRSA |
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ANTICOAGULANTS
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heparin calcium/heparin sodium
streptokinase (Kabikinase, Streptase) |
drugs used to reduce clotting factors of blood
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heparin calcium/heparin sodium
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anticoagulant
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used in surgery for prevention of DVT, treatment of pumonary embolism, during open heart and other vascular procedures, and in irrigationfor vascular procedures
- used during carotid endarterectomy in irrigation and can be injected full strenth directly into the artery - used during declotting and insertion of grafts and vessels -NOT used with bleeding disorders, brain, eye or spinal surgery, and ideally not during spinal anesthesia |
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streptokinase
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Kabikinase, Streptase
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-Used in vascular procedures where thrombus is present.
-Commondly used in embolectomy and thrombectomy to prevent thrombus formation |
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ANTIEMETICS
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droperidol (Inapsine)
metoclopramide hydrocholoride (Reglan) ondansetron hydrochloride (Zofran) prochlorperazine (Comprazine) promethazine (Phenergan) |
drugs used to prevent nausea/vomiting
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droperidol
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Inapsine
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-Antiemetic
-Used as an adjunct to general and regional anesthesia. Also used to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting |
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metoclopramide hydrochloride
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(Reglan)
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- Antiemetic
- Usually administered IV for prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting pre- and postoperatively |
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metoclopramide hydrochloride
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Reglan
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- usually administered IV for prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting pre and post op
- should not be given to patients with GI obstruction or hemorrhage, or hx of seizure disorders |
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ondansetron hydrochloride
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Zofran
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- used to prevent postoperative n/v
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prochlorperazine
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Compazine
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- used for pre and postop nausea control
- should not be given to pt with CNS depression and is contraindicated in pediatric surgery |
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promethazine
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Phenergan
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- used to treat and prevent n/v
- should not be given to pt with prostatic hypertrophy or narrow-angle glaucoma - can be mixed with Demerol |
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CARDIAC MEDICATIONS
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digoxin
dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin, Revimine) nitroglycerin-glyceryl trinitrate (Nitro-Bid IV, Nitrostat IV, Nitroject, and Tridil) nitroprusside sodium (Nipride) norepinephrine bitartrate (Levophed) papaverine hydrochloride (Pavatine) phenylephrine hydrochloride (Neo-Synephrine) |
Drugs that increase or decrease heart function
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digoxin
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antiarrhythmic, cardiotonic
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- used to treat heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter
- should NOT be given for ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia |
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dopamine hydrochloride
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Intropin, Revimine
cardiac stimulant, vasopressor |
- shock, MI, trauma, severe hypotension, and open-heart surgery
- should NOT be given to pt with uncorrected v-fib, v-tachy, and other tachy arrhythmias - excessive vasodilation can occur, BP and HR must be constantly monitored |
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nitroglycerin--glyceryl trinitrate
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Nitro-Bid IV, Nitrostat IV, Nitroject, and Tridil
vasodilator, antianginal, antihypertensive |
- To prevent angina, manage hypertension, or treat heart failure
- headaches usually occur |
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nitroprusside sodium
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Nipride
antihypertensive, vasodilator |
- used to produce controlled hypotension in vascular procedures and during the use of anesthesia
- should not be given to pt in acute heart failure, with decreased cerebral ciculation, and hypertension from aortic coartication or arteriovenous shunting |
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norepinephrine bitartrate
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Levophed
cardiac stimulant, vasopressor |
- used for severe hypotension, cardiac arrest, shock and sometimes spinal anesthesia
- should not be given to pt with hypovolemia, mesenteric or peripheral vascular thrombosis, and when using hydrocarbon inhalation anesthesia (halothane) |
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papaverine hydrochloride
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Pavatine
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- used in cardiac bypass surgery and as a peripheral vasodilator
- should not be given to patients with complete AV block - usually administered to aid in perfusion of peripheral vessels |
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phenylephrine hydrochloride
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Neo-Synephrine
antiarrhythmic, vasoconstrictor, vasopressor (constriction of blood vessels and raise in BP) |
- to treat hypotension or maintain BP during anesthesia and to treat vascular failure in shock
- should not be given to pt with severe coronary disease, severe hypertension, ventricular tachycardia and pregnancy |
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CNS STIMULANTS
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droperidol (Inapsine)
propofol (Diprivan) |
drugs used to stimulate nerve receptors within the central nervous system
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droperidol
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Inapsine
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preoperative medication, adjunct to regional and general anesthesia
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propofol
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Diprivan
also classified as an anesthetic |
induction and/or maintenance of anesthesia
- can cause twitching, bucking, jerking, thrashing, hypotension, vomiting, coughing, and apnea |
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COAGULANTS
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protamine sulfate (heparin antagonist)
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drugs used to increase clotting factors of blood
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protamine sulfate
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heparin antagonist
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- antidote for heparin administration during extracorporeal circulation and other vascular procedures requiring large amounts of heparin intraoperatively
- should only be administered to patients who have received heparin - can cause an abrupt drop in BP, urticaria, pulmonary edema, and anaphylaxis |
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DIURETICS
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bumetanide (Bumex)
furosemide (Lasix) mannitol (Osmitrol) |
drugs used to increase the excretion of urine
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bumetanide
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Bumex
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- used in surgical patients to reduce edema cause by cardiac dysfunction and/or renal disease
- typically administered by anesthesia when the patient's metabolic indicators warrant use - should NOT be given to pt with hx of hypersensitivity to sulfonamides and to pt with severe elctrolyte deficiency - Foley needed |
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furosemide
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Lasix
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- used in surgical pt to reduce edema, pulmonary edema, and hypertension
- Foley needed |
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mannitol
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diuretic
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- used in surgical pt for redution of IOP, ICP, and to treat oliguria or to prevent acute renal failure
- commonly used during a craniotomy to reduce brain edema - can be used in irrigating solution during TURP to prevent abnormal fluid retention from the procedure |
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DYES
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gentian violet
indigo carmine methylene blue Renografin 60 |
drugs used to stain pathological specimens
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gentian violet
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topical solution used to mark the skin before skin prep
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indigo carmine
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used in urological surgery to view ureteral orifices
will stain tissue |
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methylene blue
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used for skin marking prior to skin prep
used in urological and lymphatic surgery to esure patency of structures will stain floors, etc |
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Renografin 60
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used in urological surgery to view urological structures
can be diluated or used full strength |
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HEMOSTATIC AGENTS
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absorbable gelatin (Gelfoam)
Floseal Matrix Hemostatic Sealant microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) oxidized cellulose (Oxycel, Surgicel) thrombin (Thrombostat) |
chemical agents in a variety of forms that enhance clot formation
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absorbable gelatin
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Gelfoam
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- powder form mixed with sterile saline to make a paste to be applied to bone
- Compressed and uncompressed pad form in vaious sized; can be cut or applied whole - indicated for capillary bleeding can cancellous bone oozing. Pad is placed over bleeding capillaries and as fibrin is deposited in the interstices the sponge swells and forms a clot - should not be used when cell saver is in use - can be left in place |
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Floseal Matrix Hemostatic Sealant
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supplied in kit form, thrombin must be added
used in procedures other than ophthalmic should not be used on incisions or injected directly into blood vessels |
apply direct pressure with a sponge for 2 min immediately after application
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microfibrillar collagen
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Avitene
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- applied directly to bleeding source in dry form
- indicated for bleeding fom raw surfaces, bone and friable tissue -can be molded to fit into crevies and around suture lines -should not be used when cell saver is in use - using two sheets of Avitene with a layer of Surgicel in between is called an Avitene Sandwich and may be used with bleeding that is difficult to stop |
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oxidized cellulose
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Oxycel, Surgicel
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- pad or knitted fabric strip used for oozing and bleeding on suture lines, bone and raw sufaces
- can be cut, must be removed from bone bc it will interfere with bone regeneration |
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thrombin
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Thrombostat
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- powder that is reconstituted with thrombin solution or used to soak Gelfoam
- dry thrombin powerder is mixed with blood plasma and forms fibrin glue - also can be a spray, should NOT get into vessels |
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HORMONES
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dexamethasone acetate (Decadron LA, Dexone LA)
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drugs used to replace natural hormones usually produced in the body
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dexamethasone acetate
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Decadron LA, Dexone LA
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- Frequently injected through arthroscop for postop inflammation and may be combined with a local anesthetic such as Xylocaine
- should not be given to patients with a suppressed immune system - may increase glucose and cholesterol levels |
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IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS
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dextran, high-molecular weight (Dextran 75)
hetastarch (Hespan) Ringer's injection, lactated (lactated Ringer's solution) sodium bicarbonate sodium chloride (normal saline) Sorbitol |
fluids used to flush, wash, or saok structures/tissues during surgery
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dextran, high-molecular weight
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Dextran 75
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- plasma volume expansion in emergencies when patient has suffered extensive hemorrhage
- should not be fiven to patients with cardiac decompensation, severe oliguria, and hypervolemia |
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hetastarch
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Hespan
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plasma expander in emergency situations
should not be given to pt with severe oliguria or hypervolemia can be used in combo with blood and blood products |
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Ringer's injection, lactated
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lactated Ringer's solution
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fluid and electrolyte replacement druging surgery, given as a bolus to expand blood volume and aid in increasing blood pressure
should not be given to patients in fluid or metabolic overload can be given to renal failure patients as an emergency volume expander |
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sodium bicarbonate
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dosages depend on ABGs
used for cardiac arrest and/or metabolic acidosis should not be given to patients in cardiac arrest unless metabolic acidosis is present |
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sodium chloride
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normal saline
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normal fluid replacement and fluid maintenance, also used as a topical irrigant
should not be given to pt in fluid overload or renal failure |
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Sorbitol
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used during GU surgery when cautery will be used, such as TURP
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NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS
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flumazenil (Romazicon)
naloxone hydrochloride (Narcan) |
drugs used to reverse the effects of narcotics
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flumazenil
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Romazicon
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complete or partial reverasal or sedative effects of benzodiazepines after anesthesia or conscious sedation
should not be given to pt who was given benzo for life-threatening condition such as status epilepticus |
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naloxone hydrochloride
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(Narcan)
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used for narcotic overdose and complete or partial reversal of narcotic depression
drug of choice for opioid overdose and is given primarily for respiratory depression should not be used in pt with respiratory depression to nonopioid drugs |
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OBSTETRICAL AGENTS
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oxytocin (Pitocin)
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drugs used during labor and childbirth
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oxytocin
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Pitocin
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to induce or stimulate labor
given as a piggyback can be used to reduce postpartum bleeding after delivery of placenta and can be used with an incomplete abortion as well |
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OPHTHALMIC
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acetylcholine chloride (Miochol-E)
carbachol (Miostat) intraocular carbachol (Carboptic) topical flurbiprofen sodium (Ocufen) pilocarpine hydrochloride (Akarpine, Isopto Carpine, Micocarpine) |
drugs used in the eye
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acetylcholine chloride
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Miochol-E
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miotic
used during anterior segment surgery, instilled before or after sutures are secured |
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carbachol
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Miostat - interocular injection
Carboptic - topical |
miotic
used to produce pupillary miosis in ocular surgery and can be instilled before or after sutures are secred pt with dark irises (hazel and brown) may require more of the injection to be instilled |
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flurbiprofen sodium
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Ocufen
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anti-inflammatory (ophthalmic)
used to inhibit miosis during ophthalmic surgery |
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pilocarpine hydrochloride
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Akarpine
Isopto Carpine Micocarpine |
miotic
used to reduce IOP to protect the lens during surgery and laser iridotomy counteract effects of mydriatics and cyclopegia floowing surgery should not be used in pt where cholinergic effect such as contstriction are undesirable |
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SEDATIVES/HYPNOTICS
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midazolam hydrochloride (Versed)
pentobarbital (Nembutal) phenobarbital (Luminal) secobarbital sodium (Seconal Sodium) |
drugs used to produce sedation or sleep
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midazolam hydrochloride
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Versed
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sedative adjunct to general anesthesia
benzodiazepine can be used as sedation before general anesthesia induction and for conscious sedation prior to short diagnostic and endoscopic procedures should not be given to pt with glaucoma, shock, coma, and acute alcohol intoxication |
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pentobarbital
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Nembutal
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sedative/hypnotic barbiturate
sedative or hypnotic for preanesthetic medication, induction of general anesthesia and as a adjunct in manipulative or diagnostic procedures should not be given to pregnant patients |
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phenobarbital
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Luminal
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sedative barbiturate, anticonvulsant
used on peduatric patients as preoperative and postoperative sedation, and to treat pylorospasm in infants should not e given to patients with a hx of hepatic disease, respiratory disease, and renal disease |
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secobarbital sodium
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Seconal Sodium
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sedative/hypnotic barbiturate
preoperatively to provide basal hypnosis for general, spinal, or regional anesthesia should not be given to pt with renal insufficiency or who are pregnant |
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TRANQUILIZERS
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diazepam (Valium)
droperidol (Inapsine) hydroxyzine hydrochloride (Vistaril and Vistazine) lorazepam (Ativan) |
drugs used to produce relaxation
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diazepam
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Valium
|
tranquilizer anxiolytics, antianxiety, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant
allay anxiety and tension prior to surgery, during cardioversion, and endoscopic procedures, also as a preoperative sedative |
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droperidol
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Inapsine
|
tranquilizer anxiolytic, antianxiety, antipsychotic
used for tranquilizing effect and to reduce n/v, also as a premedication before induction of and the maintenance of general anesthesia |
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hydroxyzine hydrochloride
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Vistaril and Vistazine
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tranquilizer anxiolytics, antianxiety
reduce anxiety and tension preoperatively, control n/v, and redue narcotic requiremetns pre and postoperatively |
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lorazepam
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Ativan
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tranquilizer anxiolytics, antianxiety benzodiazepine
preanesthetic medication to produce sedation and to relieve anxiety related to surgery should not be given to patients with glaucome, acute alcohol intoxication, and depressive disorders |
