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110 Cards in this Set
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define Pharmacotherapeutics |
Deals with drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease |
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Define Pharmacoeconomics |
Pharmacoeconomics is a field of economics that focuses on comparing the price of different pharmaceutical treatments and the price of non-pharmaceutical medical treatments. |
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Define Pharmacodynamics |
pharmacodynamics describes what a drug does to the body. pharmacokinetics describes what the body’s physiology does to a drug, and |
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Define Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the concentration of a drug and its metabolites in the body over time. A drug that remains in the body for a longer time period will require lower subsequent doses to maintain a specific concentration. How quickly a drug clears from the body is a function of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion. |
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Schedule 1 drugs |
High abuse potential, not accepted medical use (LSD, Heroin) |
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Schedul II drugs |
High abuse risk with severe dependency (narcotics, amphetamines, barbituates) |
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Schedule III |
Less abusive than II, with moderate dependency (Certain stimulants and narcotics) |
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Schedule IV |
less abuse risk than schedule III with limited dependency risk (antianxiety, non-narcotic analgesics) |
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Schedule V |
Limited abuse potential. (small amounts of narcotics in antitussives. Must be 18 years old to purchase without prescription. Sale recorded by pharmacist |
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OTC Drugs |
1. can mask s/s of underlying problem 2. Can result in drug interactions if taken with prescriptions 3. pt. dont report taking it 4. pts don't take as directed as they don't cosider it to be a med since it needs no prescription 5. advise pts. to take antacids 1hr apart from other meds |
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Category A |
Human studies have proven safe to use |
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Category B |
Animal studies have shown no danger during 1st trimester, human studies have shown no danger during the remainder of pregnancy |
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Category C |
Animal studies have shown adverse effects on fetus, but no studies done in humans. Must way possible benefits with known risks. |
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Category D |
There is evidence of human fetal risk, Must carefully way possible benefits with known risks. |
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Category X |
Studies in both animals and humans show fetal abnormalities and risk. the known risk clearly outweighs any possible risk |
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Define Antagonist |
They block certain body responses. They are sometimes called blockers; examples include alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. |
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Define Agonist |
substance that creates the same bodily responses but does not bind to the same receptor. |
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What is First-pass effect |
When oral meds are inactivated on thier first pass through the liver and may require higher dose or need to be given a nonenteral route (IV or Sublingual)cf |
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Half-life |
How long it takes for the body to get rid of half of the dose. Usually takes 4 half-lives to excrete all |
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What is an Adverse effect |
undesired, inadverten, and unexpected dangerous effects of a med |
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What is a side effect |
Expected but unwanted effect of a drug |
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What is a superinfection |
an infection occurring during antimicrobial treatment for another infection. It is usually a result of change in the normal tissue flora favoring replication of some organisms by diminishing the vitality and then the number of competingorganisms, as yeast microbes flourish during penicillin therapy prescribed to cure a bacterial infection. |
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What patient teaching should be done withtetracycline? Who shouldn’t take thisdrug? |
drugs can decreases serum K+, assess dietary pattern (interacts with dairy, antacids, iron) take on empty stomach. monitor kidney and liver function, store away from heat/light. take complete course of therapy, use sun-block, use alternate form of birth control, report mouth ulcers, anal or genital discharge (superinfection) avoid milk products, iron preparation, and antacids. |
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s/s of superinfection |
diarrhea, vaginal discharge, stomatitis, glotitis, black, hairy tongue; loose and foul-smelling tools, and cough. |
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s/s of anaphylactic reaction |
respiratorydistress severe bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse. Low BP |
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What is “teratogenicity” and who (patientpopulation) should be concerned about it? |
an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus. Teratogens halt the pregnancy or produce a congenital malformation (a birth defect). Classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs. |
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Adverse effects are really extensions of what? |
pharmacologic actions of the drugs |
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s/s of anphetamine abuser |
Increased body temperature Euphoria Increased blood pressure Dry mouth Faster breathing Dilated pupils Increased energy and alertnessDecreased fatigue Decreased appetite |
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What is “off-label use” of drugs |
use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration. For example, methotrexate is commonly used off label because its immunomodulatory effects relieve various disorders. |
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Whats selective toxicity |
when antimocrobials kill or control microbes without destroying host cell. they destroy cell walls of bacteria and not mammals. inhibit conversion of an enzyme unique for a particular bacteria's survival. impair protein synthesis in the ribosomes, which are never identical to mammals. |
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In which systems are anti-infectives frequentlytoxic, and how can you help prevent that? |
GI, Neuro, and kidneys. Drink plenty water no alcohol, 1hr before meals |
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What is prophylaxis antibiotic treatment? |
use of anti-infectives as means of preventing an infection. before travel, pre-op, cardiac valve diseases, surgery, dental procedure |
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what is synergistic |
2 meds work better together |
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how do antimicrobials work? |
they weaken the cell wall |
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· What are common adverse reactions toantibiotics? |
kidney damage, gastrointestinal toxicity, neurotoxicity, allergic reaction, GI upset, yeast infection, thrush, fungal infection |
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What happens if a benzodiazepine is stoppedsuddenly? |
withdrawl. anxiety, tremors, insomnia, dizziness |
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Know what happens in Parkinson’s disease. What neurotransmitters are involved? |
Dopamine transmitters and Acetylcholine |
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What are the drugs of choice in treatingParkinson’s? |
dopaminergic meds |
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What is the goal when a patient is taking levodopa for Parkinson’s? |
to correct the shortage of thebrain chemical dopamine, which causes the symptoms of Parkinson's. It crosses the blood-brain barriers to stimulates dopamine receptors |
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What should the nurse assess before giving anarcotic? |
respirations |
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what drug is the antidote for narcotics |
narcan |
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What are common side effects of narcotics? |
respiratory depression, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, cough suppressent |
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What patient teaching should be done for apatient taking a diuretic? |
thiazides and loop diuretics cause hypokalemia. monitor pottasium and BUN levels. watch for hypertension |
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what do antitussives relieve |
supress cough through action in CNS (codein nonproductive cough) (hydrocodone) |
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What do decongestants relieve |
inflammation of nasal membranes and of congestion with sinusitis and common cold (rebound congestion) |
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what do expectorants relieve? |
promotes increased cough y increasing muccous production. usually combined with antitussive or decongestant MUCINEX |
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what do mucolytics relieve? |
enhance flow of secretions, used for acte and chronic illness with secretions, cistic fibrosis, antidote for acetaminophen poisoning (smells like rotten eggs) MUCOMYST |
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Antitussives-nonopioids |
dextromethorphan, Tessalon, Benadryl |
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Which of the antihistamines do NOT,cause drowsiness |
Allegra, Claritan, |
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Which of the antihistamines do cause drowsiness |
Benedryl, Phenergan, Dramamine |
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What parent teaching should be done regardingOTC cold medications? |
health advisory in children under 2 and do not use under 6 |
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What is a risk for cardiac patients who take anantihistamine? |
cardiac ventricular? high BP? |
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What is rebound congestion and what can lead toit? |
reaccuring congestion due to long term use of decongestants. do not use more than 3-5 days. Taper use and discontinue med using one nostril at a time |
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What should you assess for in an elderly maletaking anti-cholinergic for asthma? |
known to cause confusion, memory loss, worsening of mental function, and other cognitive effects in the elderly. |
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What is a common adverse effect of inhalers andshould be assessed for before and after a treatment |
dry mouth |
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Differnt types of antibiotics |
Penecillins, Cephalasporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams |
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Penicillins |
(antibiotic)do not give w/tetracyclines or aminoglycoisdes. all end in "cillin" |
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Chephalosporins |
(antibiotic)Very strong no alcohol in 3 days. do not take with anticoagulants "Ceph" or "cef" |
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Carbapenems |
(antibiotic)do not give w/ anti seizure meds Imipenem |
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What antibiotic preferred for MRSA |
Vancomycin (antibiotic) |
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Tetracycline Pt. warnings |
(antibiotic)use 2nd form of birth control. NO dairy products. take 1 hr. before or 2-3 hrs after meal "cycline" |
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Macrolides |
(antibiotic) |
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Aminoglycosides |
(antibiotic)AKA "the big guns" all end in "mycin" streptomycin for TB |
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Sulfonamides |
(antibiotic) for UTI and STD. "azole" and "azine" |
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flouroquinolones |
(antibiotic) "acin" |
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Urinary tract analgesic |
pyridium |
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TB meds |
(antibiotic) Isoniazid, Prifitin, Rifadin |
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Antiprotozals |
(antibiotic) c-dif. end in "zole" cautious with coumadin |
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Influenza A and Resp. agents |
Symmetrel, Tamiflu |
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For herpes |
(antiviral) end in "colovir" |
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Antifungal agents |
diflucan, nilstat |
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Drug for pinworms |
Vermox |
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Types of sedatives and hypnotic |
Benzos, barbituates, benzo-like |
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Bedzodiazapines |
"lam" and "pam" can give paradoxal effect (opposite effect) |
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Nonbenzos |
Ambien. can cause amnesia |
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Categories for Rheumatoid Arthritis |
DMARDS, Glucocorticoids, immunosuppresents, NSAIDS |
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DMARDS 1 |
Immuno-Rheumatrex Antimalaria-Plaquenil Anti-inflammatory-Sulfasalazine Tetracycline- MinocyclineG |
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Glucocorticoids |
(anti-infalmmatory) Prednisone. Moon face, hungry, Buffalo Hump, Increase glucose |
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NSAIDS |
Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Voltaren, Indocin, Mobic, Naproxen, Celebrex |
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Category X RA drug |
Methotrexate |
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Asparin toxicity causes... |
ototoxicity |
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What med to use in nonopioid analgesics overdose |
mucomyst |
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which cardiac drug category has a limited therapeutic window |
Cardiac gylcosides |
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hper or hypo kalemia in Glycosides? |
hypokalemia. do not use with ACE inhibits or ARBS |
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unstable angina |
laying on beach doing nothing |
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prizmetal's angina |
Sleeping |
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Drugs to treat angina |
nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers. cause ortho hypotension. dont take with HTN meds or Viagra |
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Category X cardiac drug |
HMG COA reductase Inhibitors, Cholesterol absorption drugs, Warfarin (anti coag) |
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What type of people should not have HMG COA reductase Inhibitors |
older, pegnant, Asian, |
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Interactions of HMG COA reductase Inhibitors |
Do not take with E-Mycin, Grapefruit Juice, take in evening as cholesterol is higher at night? |
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emergency drug for coagulation |
Heparin |
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What is the antidote for Heparin and Lovenox |
Protamine (Lovenox is just a low molecular weight heparin) |
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Lab values for Heparin |
aPTT should be 60-80 secs |
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What is antidote for Coumadin |
Vitamin K |
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labs for Warfarin |
PT - 18-24 seconds INR - 2-3 |
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Antiplatelt drug |
Aspirin |
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interactions of Aspirin |
Caffeine increases asparin absorption. other anticoags, effects of beat blockers reduced |
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High/ Low dose for Aspirin |
81mg - preventative 325mg - during initial MI |
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hyper or hypokalemia w/ACE inhibitors? |
hyperkalemia |
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Hyper or hypotension |
hypotension |
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What are ARBS combined with |
Hydochlorothiazide |
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What do Calcium channel blockers end in |
"Dipine" |
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Warning with Beta blockers |
do not stop meds abruptly |
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Beta-2 NTK |
abluterol |
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Beta 2 warnings |
take Beta 2 inhaler before glucoorcticoid inhaler because of better absorption |
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Methyxanthines NTK
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theophyline |
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Anticholinergics NTK |
Atrovent |
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Anticholinergics effects and precautions |
Penut allergy, dry mouth, and horseness |
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Glucocorticoids NTK |
Pulmicort, Symbicort prevent inflammation |
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Leukotriene modifiers NTK |
Singular |
