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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What valve separates the right atrium and ventricle? |
Tricuspid valve |
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What valve separates the left atrium and ventricle?
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Mitral valve
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Administration of a _______ causes an increase in heart rate.
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Positive Chronotropic |
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Where does the electrical impulses of the heart originated from?
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SA Node
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Atrial depolarization is represented on an ECG tracing as what wave?
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P Wave
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When electrical stimulation occurs outside the normal conduction pathway, it is referred to as _________?
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Ectopic foci
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Digoxin inhibits the sodium/potassium exchange pump in the heart, resulting in increased intracellular __________ and __________.
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Sodium and Calcium
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What refers to the force against which the heart must pump?
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Afterload
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ACE inhibitors decreases afterload by inducing what?
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Vasodilation
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Beta blockers are prescribed for treatment of heart failure because of their _________ inotropic effects.
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Negative
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What is beneficial in heart failure for its coronary vasodilating properties?
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Nitroglycerin
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What are the main resistance vessels that regulate the force against which the heart must pump?
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Arterioles
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Veins that have a large capacity to hold blood are considered what kind of vessels?
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Capacity vessels
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What is the primary autonomic mechanism for blood pressure homeostasis?
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Baroreceptors
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Hypertension in the majority of patients occurs for unknown causes is referred to as what?
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Essential Hypertension
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What type of antihypertensive agents affects the alpha and beta receptors?
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Sympatholytics antihypertensive
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What agents is used to treat hypertension that are effective for benign prostatic hypertrophy?
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Alpha Blockers
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Diuretics work by not allowing what to be reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillary system.
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Sodium and Calcium
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When injury or trauma occurs to a blood vessel, the clotting mechanism begins with the formation of?
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Thromboplastin
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Aspirin, when used to disrupt the clotting mechanism, is classified as what drug?
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Antiplatelets
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Agents that dissolve and liquefy the fibrin of an existing clot are referred to as what?
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Thrombolytic
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A cell's _________ refers to the electrical change at which the cell becomes depolarized?
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Threshold
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Patients receiving NMBAs during mechanical ventilation frequently need to be medicated with what, so that they can still feel pain and are alert?
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Sedate
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Peripheral muscle relaxants work by preventing the release of what at the motor endplate junction?
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Calcium
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Drugs that reduce the Central Nervous System arousal are classified as what?
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Sedative
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What can be categorized as sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics?
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Benzodiazepines
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Central-acting skeletal muscle relaxants decrease muscle tone by acting directly on what system?
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Central Nervous System
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The termination of the effect of an inhaled anesthetic is called what?
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Decrement time
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A local anesthetic works by binding to a membrane site and preventing the neurons from doing what?
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Depolarizing
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What pathway is the site of action for analgesics?
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Nociceptive
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What type of anesthetics makes a specific region of the body insensitive to pain without loss of consciousness?
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Local anesthetics
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The process of gas exchange that occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane is referred to as what?
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Respiration
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What is the normal PaO2 values range?
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80 to 100 mmHg
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Any process that impairs the balance between ventilation reaching the alveolus and perfusion to the surrounding capillary is referred to as what?
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V/Q mismatch
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What refers to low levels of oxygen to the tissue?
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Hypoxia
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What kind of oxygen systems provide enough flow to meet all of the patient's ventilatory demands?
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High Flow oxygen system
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Retinopathy of prematurity occurs due to ________ and high _____.
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Prematurity and high PO2
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Oxygen/carbon dioxide mixtures are compressed in cylinders that are colored what?
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Gray/Green
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Helium/oxygen mixtures are compressed in cylinders that are color what?
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Green/Brown |
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What is nitric oxide combined with in a compressed gas cylinders?
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Nitrogen
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What condition is a reversible obstructive disease?
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Asthma
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What condition is a progressive and not fully reversible?
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COPD
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What is the most common chronic disease among children and young adults?
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Asthma
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Patients With all categories of what type of asthma should be on anti-inflammatory medication to prevent their symptoms from occurring?
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Persistent asthma
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Inhaled corticosteroids should always be administered with what?
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A spacer
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What is the primary cause of COPD?
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Cigarette smoking
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Emphysema can be caused by a genetic deficiency of what?
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Alpha1 Antitrypsin
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What is the major causative factor in chronic bronchitis?
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Cigarette smoking
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What is a drug that blocks IgE from activating mast cells in patients with severe allergic asthma?
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Omalizumab
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In addition to treatment with nicotine replacement, patients who wish to quit smoking should be encouraged to do what?
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Smoking cessation or smoking education
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Alpha1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy is administered on a _______ basis.
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Weekly basis
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Oxygen toxicity may occur from breathing 100% oxygen for longer than how many hours?
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12 hours
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Xanthines are believed to work by inhibiting what kind of enzyme, which deactivates cyclic AMP.
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Phosphodiesterase
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One factor that determines an aerosol particle size is what?
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Design of the nebulizer
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Mucomyst can be given by what two route to the tracheobronchial tree
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Instilled or Inhalation
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A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction can result in what?
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Anaphylactic Shock
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When the effect of two drugs given together equals the sum of the two, what is the interaction is termed?
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Additive
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Drugs given parenterally go directly to the _________ and result in rapid absorption.
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Blood stream
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Repeated use of the same drug may result in a decreased response, requiring an increased amount of the drug to produce the same effect. This phenomenon is known as what?
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Tolerance
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In order for digoxin to be effective, an appropriate amount of the drug must be present in the blood. This blood level is known as what?
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Therapeutic
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What is the metric unit of measurement for length?
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Meter
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What is the metric unit of measurement for volume?
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Liter
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One kilogram is equal to how many pounds?
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2.2 pounds
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A liquid or solid that is dissolved in a solution is known as what? |
Solute |
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A 1:200 solution of a drug would contain how many milliliters of the solute dissolved in a 200 milliliters of solution?
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1 milliliters
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The strenght of a 5g/100ml solution expressed as a ration is what?
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1:20
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Which term best describes the study of drugs and their action on the body?
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Pharmacology
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What is the most common source of drugs today?
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Chemical synthesis
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What agency regulates drug testing and approves new drugs?
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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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What organization is officially responsible for establishing public standards that approved drugs that must continue to meet?
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The United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
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The name given to a drug that is considered the nonproprietary name and not owned by any particular pharmaceutical company is called?
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The generic name
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The flow of information towards the brain is referred to as sensory or what?
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Afferent
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What branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight reactions?
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The sympathetic branch
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The action of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine is terminated by what?
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ACHe
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Drugs that antagonize the sympathetic response are known as what?
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Sympatholytics or Antiadrenergics
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What type of adrenergic receptor are found in the smooth muscle of the airways?
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Beta2
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The action of norepinephrine is terminated by a process called?
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Reuptake
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Catecholamines are adrenergic agents such as?
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Cholinergic or Dopamine
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Sympathomimetic drugs are used for?
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Bronchodilation or vasoconstriction
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What is the general effect of the sympatholytic drugs to the sympathetic system?
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Reduce or slow down
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What is the general effect of the sympathomimetic drugs to the sympathetic system?
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Mimic
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What kind of device is a propellant based delivery device and creates a very stable aerosols capable of reaching the lower airways?
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Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)
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One factor that determines the depth of penetration of an aerosol particle is what?
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Patient breathing pattern
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Aerosol particles are measured in what?
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Microns
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Adding diluent to a nebulizer along with the medication does what to the amount of drug that is nebulized?
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Increase
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Newer propellants that are used in the MDIs are what?
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HFA
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A nebulizer that is designed for continuous nebulization bronchodilator therapy is called?
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Hope and Heart
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Patients using DPIs must be able to generate inspiratory flow rates of at least how many liters per minute?
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50 liters per minute
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Heated and humidified gas in ventilator circuits cause aerosol particles to do what to their size? |
Increase in size |
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When a patient has a dry, nonproductive cough, what type of saline solution can be administered to stimulate a cough and produce more mucus?
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Hypertonic saline solution |
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The most frequently used solution for a diluent with aerosolized medications is called?
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Normal saline
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What type of aerosol dilute mucus by altering its water content?
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Bland aerosols
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A device that is used to minimize the drying effects of oxygen is called?
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Humidifier |
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A device that is designed to produce aerosol droplets for delivery to the airway is called?
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Nebulizer
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What kind of drug is indicated for maintenance therapy in the management of pulmonary secretions in cystic fibrosis?
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Pulmozyme
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When administering breathing treatments to patients who are on sodium-restricted diets, the diluent of choice is what?
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Water
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The saline solution that is considered to be an expectorant is called?
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Hypertonic
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A commonly used expectorant that is available in OTC cough and cold medications is called?
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Guaifenesin |
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Mucus production will increase when the respiratory tract is irritated and during what stimulation of the autonomic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic
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Surfactant that is naturally produced in the lung tissue is called?
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Endogenous surfactant
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The only synthetically produced surfactant that is currently available on the market is what?
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EXOSURF
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Treatment of acetaminophen overdose includes oral or intravenous administration of _________.
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Mucomyst |
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Xopenex is a sympathetic beta agonist that is classified as what type?
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Saligenin
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You are called to evaluate a patient who is receiving bronchodilator therapy with albuterol via the inhalation route. The patient tells you she is experiencing tremors every time she takes her aerosol treatment. The physician asks you to recommend another bronchodilator. What would you suggest?
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Levalbuterol
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What drug is an anticholinergic bronchodilator?
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Spiriva
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What type of asthma results from infection, cold air, exercise, or stress?
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Non Allergic Asthma
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What pathway causes the release of leukotriene, which contributes to the late-phase response in asthma?
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Lipoxygenase pathway
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The cyclooxygenase pathway causes the release of what, which contributes to the late-phase response in asthma?
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Prostaglandins |
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Inhaled corticosteroids are used primarily for their ____________ response in allergic asthma.
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Anti-inflammatory
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Agents that prevent mast cell degranulation are referred to as ______________ and are useful in both allergic and nonallergic asthma.
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Mast cell stabilizers
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Intranasal corticosteroids can take how long to become beneficial in decreasing nasal congestion.
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2 to 4 weeks
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Histamine smooth muscle contraction is controlled by what receptors?
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Histamine 1
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The lipoxygenase pathway causes the release of what, which contributes to the late-phase response in asthma?
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Leukotriene
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What receptors mediate the actions of histamine on gastric secretions?
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Histamine 2
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Nasal decongestants are what kind of drugs and cause vasoconstriction that reduces blood flow and swelling of the nasal passages.
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Alpha adrenergic
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The breakdown of the phospholipid membrane during an inflammatory response produces what kind of acid?
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Arachidonic acid
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Agents that are used to treat infectious microorganisms are referred to as what agent?
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Anti-infective agents
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Microorganisms that cause disease are referred to as what?
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Pathogens
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What therapy is started if an antibiotic is administered base on the most likely causative agent?
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Empiric Therapy
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A shift to the left on the complete blood count differential confirms the presence of _______ and __________.
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Bands and Immature Neutrophils
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A laboratory test that involves the use of colored dyes to identify microorganisms is called?
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Gram stain
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What two factors are methods used to determine the susceptibility of a microorganism to antibiotic therapy?
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Disk Diffusion and Broth Dilution |
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The widespread measure of antibacterial agents has led to the development of what?
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Superbacteria
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Antibacterial agents that inhibit the replication of microorganisms and prevent their growth without destroying them are called?
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Bacteriostatic
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Penicillins are classified as what?
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Bactericidal
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What two factors are classified as protein synthesis inhibitors? |
Macrolides and Tetracycline
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What pathway causes the release of prostaglandins, which contribute to the late-phase response in asthma? |
Cyclooxygenase pathway
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An agent affecting the force of contraction and can also be positive or negative |
Inotropic |
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Dromotropic |
-agents alter the rhythm(electrical conduction) |
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when the sympathetic system is triggered, it sends a neurological signal to the preganglionic fibers and releases acetylcholine (ACh). ACh is then terminated once it cross over to the synaptic junction and binds with nicotinic receptor. The signal then goes through the postganglionic fiber and norepinephrine is released and binds with adrenergic receptors such as alpha, beta, or dopamine receptors. Norepinephrine is then recycle back to stored in for further use. Excess norepinephrine is terminated by MAO and COMT. When the parasympathetic system is trigger, it sends a signal to the preganglionic fibers and release ACh, ACh gets broken down by AChE and binds with nicotinic receptors and goes through the postganglionic fibers and binds with muscarinic receptors. Then it goes to the target areas. |
when the sympathetic system is triggered, it sends a neurological signal to the preganglionic fibers and releases acetylcholine (ACh). ACh is then terminated once it cross over to the synaptic junction and binds with nicotinic receptor. The signal then goes through the postganglionic fiber and norepinephrine is released and binds with adrenergic receptors such as alpha, beta, or dopamine receptors. Norepinephrine is then recycle back to stored in for further use. Excess norepinephrine is terminated by MAO and COMT. When the parasympathetic system is trigger, it sends a signal to the preganglionic fibers and release ACh, ACh gets broken down by AChE and binds with nicotinic receptors and goes through the postganglionic fibers and binds with muscarinic receptors. Then it goes to the target areas. |
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A late-phase inflammatory response occurs after 6-8 hours of a bronchospasm occurrence. WBC infiltrate the asthmatic airways by an increasing amount of eosinophils and neutrophils. airway cells slough off resulting in hypersecretion of mucus and swelling. Vascular permeability then occurs adding to further mucus secretions and swelling of the mucosa, which results in mucus plugging. Destruction of mast cell membranes is broken down by phospholipase, which produces a fatty acid called arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid then produces two substances, leukotriene and prostaglandin, which add to the effect of the mucosal edema, mucus production, and hyperreactive airways.
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A late-phase inflammatory response occurs after 6-8 hours of a bronchospasm occurrence. WBC infiltrate the asthmatic airways by an increasing amount of eosinophils and neutrophils. airway cells slough off resulting in hypersecretion of mucus and swelling. Vascular permeability then occurs adding to further mucus secretions and swelling of the mucosa, which results in mucus plugging. Destruction of mast cell membranes is broken down by phospholipase, which produces a fatty acid called arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid then produces two substances, leukotriene and prostaglandin, which add to the effect of the mucosal edema, mucus production, and hyperreactive airways.
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A solution contains a solute and a solvent. A solute is a liquid or solid dissolved in a liquid. The solvent is the liquid that dissolves the solute. drugs can be made by either dissolving a solid or a liquid into a liquid. when the solute is a solid, the final solution is referred to as a weight/volume (w/v) solution. When the solute is in liquid form, the end solution is a volume/volume (v/v) solution. |
A solution contains a solute and a solvent. A solute is a liquid or solid dissolved in a liquid. The solvent is the liquid that dissolves the solute. drugs can be made by either dissolving a solid or a liquid into a liquid. when the solute is a solid, the final solution is referred to as a weight/volume (w/v) solution. When the solute is in liquid form, the end solution is a volume/volume (v/v) solution. |
