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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypertension |
High blood pressure |
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CO (Cardiac Output) = |
SV (stroke volume) x HR (Heart Rate) |
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TPR |
Total Peripheral (vascular) Resistance |
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SV |
Stroke Volume |
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HR |
Heart Rate |
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Formula for BP (Blood Pressure) |
BP = CO X TPR |
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renin |
-enzyme produced by the kidneys in response to lowered blood pressure -converts angiotensin (from liver) to angiotensin I |
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angiotensin converting enzyme |
-in lungs & kidneys -ACE -converts angiotensin I --> angiotensin II |
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angiotensin II |
stimulates aldosterone production in the adrenals |
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aldosterone |
causes NA+ (sodium) retention --> water retention --> increased blood volume --> increased SV, CO & BP |
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coronary arteries |
-arteries from aorta that carry blood to the heart -nourish the heart muscle |
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angina |
chest pain |
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thrombus |
blood clot formed in the vessels |
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embolus |
traveling blood clot |
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bradykinin |
a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate, thus lowering blood pressure |
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only artery that carries non-oxygenated blood |
pulmonary artery |
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Sympathetic effect on the heart |
-increased heart rate (+chronotropic) -increased force of contraction (+inotropic) -increased blood pressure
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parasympathetic effect on the heart |
-decreased heart rate(-chronotropic) -decreased force of contractions (-inotropic) -decreased blood pressure |
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abortifacient |
a drug that causes abortions |
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teratogenic |
a drug capable of interfering with the development of a developing fetus |
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Warfarin is what type of drug? |
anticoagulant |
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What do anticoagulants do? |
inhibit regeneration of vitamin K (needed for clotting) |
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Adverse effects of anticoagulants |
-hemorrhage (bleeding - gums & mucous membranes)
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biggest concerns about Warfarin? |
- highly protein bound --> narrow IT - patients -->monitored to make sure they clot adequately - no CHM (definitely no "stop bleeding" herbs - is abortifacient (can cause abortions) & teratogenic (birth defects) |
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What type of drugs work on the renin-angiotensin system? |
-ACE Inhibitors -ARBS - sartans -Renin Inhibitors -Beta Blockers |
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ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin Coverting Enzyme) Inhibitors |
-often combined with diuretics for HTN -blocks bradykinin (peptide that allows blood vessels to dilate) breakdown -used to TX CHF (congestive heart failure) -considered drug of 1st choice -lowered incidence of heart disease |
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known ACE Inhibitor drug name? |
Lisinopril |
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ACE Inhibitor side effects? |
-cough - angioedema |
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ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers) -what is their action? |
-Angiotensin II receptor antagonists |
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When are ARBs used? |
When ACE inhibitors not well tolerated |
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Advantage of ARBs over ACEi? |
does not effect Bradykinin - no dry cough or angioedema |
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What are ARBs also known as? |
Sartans -valsartan -telmisartan -losartan |
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What are ARBs indicated for? |
- HTN -Diabetic Nephropathy -good for type II diabetics -CHF |
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What are the newest class of drugs working on the renin-angiotensis system? |
Renin Inhibitors |
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Side effects of drugs working on the renin-angiotensin system? |
-hypotension (too much) - dry cough (mostly w/ ACEi) - hyperkalemia (too much potassium in blood) -acute renal failure |
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Drug interactions of renin-angiotensis drugs |
-antacids may reduce bioavailability of drug - cough may be worsened by capsicum -potassium sparing diuretics, renin inhibitors & K supplements acn exacerbate ACEi-induced kyperkalemia |
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What does adrenergic have to do with? |
having to do with epinephrine & norepinephrine |
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What effect do epinephrine/norepinephrine have to do on the heart? |
+inotropic +chronotropic (increases sympathetic) |
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What action do Beta Adrenergic Blocker agents have? |
-reduces epinephrine/epinephrine (sympathetic) -used for HTN, heart failure, arrhytmias & anginas -(lowers) inotropic -(lowers) chronotropic -CO (cardiac output) is reduced, which lowers blood pressure |
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What do Diuretics do? |
-induce urination - reduction of water decreases blood pressure -acts directly on kidneys -used to TX HTN, CHF and other edema type conditions |
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What is the most common type of diuretic prescribed? |
Thiazide diuretics - Potassium depleting (wasting) |
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What is the most common Thiazide diuretic drug? |
Hydro chloro thiazide (HCTZ) |
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Major side effects of Thiazide Diuretics? |
-hyperuricemia --> gout -orthostatic hypertension -Hyperlipidemia (inc lipids) -hypergylcemia & reduced control of blood sugar (inc blood sugar) |
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What are Loop Diuretics |
Work in the ascending loop of Henle in kidneys |
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People allergic to sulfa drugs may also be allergic to ???? |
Thiazides |
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What is the effect on Potassium in the case of Loop Diuretics? |
Potassium depleting (wasting) |
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What is the major Loop Diuretic drug? |
Furosemide (Lasix) |
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Adverse effects of Loop Diuretics? |
-ototoxicity (effects hearing & balance) -rapid loss of blood volume --> hypotension, shock & cardiac arrhythmias -should not be used --> liver chirosis |
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potassium sparing diuretics |
-work on collecting tubule, inhibiting NA+ reabsorption & K+ excretion -often used w/ other diuretics -calcium sparing |
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What is a Potassium sparing diuretic drub? |
Spiro nolactone (anti androgen effect) -for trans women -for hair loss & acne in women -topical for male baldness |
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What do vasodialators do? |
-Nitrates -used for angina, aterial & venuous relaxation
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Most common Vasodialator? |
Nitroglycerin |
