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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four mechanisms by which bacteria can acquire resistance to antimicrobials?
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Conjugation
Transposition Transduction Transformation |
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Which mechanism of acquiring resistance is most major?
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Exctracromosomal
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Which antibiotics should be avoided in hindgut fermenters?
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Penicillins
Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Aminoglycosides Spectinomycin Tetracyclines Chloramphenicols Macrolides Lincosamides |
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Which antibiotics might be used to treat antibiotic-associated colitis?
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Vancomycin
Metronidazole |
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Which antibacterials are banned for (extralabel) use in food animals?
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Vancomycin
Sulfonamides/Diaminopyrimidines Metronidazole Nitrofuran Fluoroquinolones Rifamycin Chloramphenicol |
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Which antibacterials should not be used in pregnant or nursing animals?
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Metronidazole- teratogenic
Fluoroquinolones- cartilage erosion Aminoglycosides- cross placenta Tetracyclins- bone and tooth dysplasia Chloramphenicol- secreted in milk "gray baby syndrome" |
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Administration of which antibacterial may cause "red neck syndrome" as a side effect?
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Vancomycin
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Why are bacitracin and polymyxins typically formulated together
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bacitracin- gram + only
polymyxin- gram -- only |
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Why is bacitracin never given systemically?
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extremely nephrotoxic. Topical only.
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Which antibacterial agent binds LPS and therefore can target non-replicating bacteria?
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Polymyxins target gram -- bacteria.
May be used to treat/prevent endotoxemia |
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If polymyxins can prevent endotoxemia, why aren't they given more regularly?
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They are extremely nephro and neurotoxic
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If a horse has undergone a recent diet change, is depressed, weak, recumbent with mild diarrhea, what might you suspect?
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Ionophore toxicity
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Which 2 antibacterials interfere with folic acid synthesis?
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sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines
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Which group of drugs is used for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry?
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sulfonamides
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keratoconjunctivitis sicca and hemolytic anemia may occur as a result of chronic use of these drugs.
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Sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines
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What drugs may be given with metronidazole to cover aerobic and anaerobic bacteria?
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Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones Penicillins/Cephalosporins |
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Which antibiotics require bacterial enzymes to be active?
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Metronidazole (ferrodoxin)
Nitrofurans (nitroreductase) |
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Which antibacterial drug inhibits DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV?
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Fluoroquinolones
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Which antibacterial inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase?
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Rifamycin
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This antiparasitic induces paralysis by phosphorylating AChE at neuromuscular junction?
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Organophosphates/carbamates
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Which antiparasitic(s) can be reversed with atropine or plaidoxime?
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Organophosphage/carbamate
Levamisole Pyrantel/Morantel |
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Which drug acts on both internal and external parasites?
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Macrocyclic Lactones
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Do macrocyclic lactones work on lice?
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Sucking lice only! Requires taking a bloodmeal, as this drug is systemic.
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Which antiparasitic has residue dangerous to fish, amphibians and turtles in the environment?
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Macrocyclic lactones
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Which antiparasitic is administered orally for non-residual adult flea control?
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Nitenpyram
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What drug(s) does Advantage contain?
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Imidacloprid
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What drug(s) does K9 Advantix contain?
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Imidacloprid
permethrin |
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What drug(s) does Advantage Multi contain
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imidacloprid
moxidectin (macrocyclic lactone) |
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True/False. Advantage is effective against adult, larval and egg form of fleas and other insects.
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False. Adult and larval stages only.
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What does frontline plus contain?
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fipronil- adult flea and tick
methoprene (similar to lufenuron, a growth inhibitor for eggs and larvae) |
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What does promeris for dogs contain?
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Metaflumizone- adult fleas
Amitraz- tick and mites |
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Which class of antiparasitics is effective against eggs and larvae only?
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Lufenuron/Pyriproxyfen/Methoprene
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How does Lufenuron, an insect growth inhibitor, distribute to the egg and larvae?
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Adult flea takes blood meal
Drug is passed into flea eggs Larva ingest lufenuron in feces of adult fleas |
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Which antiparasitic agent accumulates and is slowly released systemically from adipose tissue?
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Lufenuron
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Administration of which drug(s) result in expulsion of live/infective adult nematodes AND eggs?
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Piperazine/Levaminsole/Pyrantel
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Which is the only dewormer studied that is applied topically?
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Profender (Emodepside + praziquantel (isoquinolone)) for activity against *nematodes*, tapeworms and flukes.
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What is the optimum administration of clorsulon?
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Large animals as they come off pasture, then again in 4-6 weeks for the young flukes.
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Which dewormers are effective against flukes in companion animals?
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Isoquinolones
Benzamidazoles |
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Spectrum of activity of penicillins/cephalosporins
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Gram + aerobes
Anaerobes |
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Spectrum of activity of vancomycin.
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Gram + extracellular
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This drug is effective against just gram - bacteria.
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Polymyxin
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These 2 classes of antibiotics are effective against aerobes, intracellular bacteria and mycoplasma.
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Fluorquinolones
Tetracyclins Sulfonamides/Diaminopyrimidines (chlamydia and nocardia) |
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Which drug is reserved for Rhodococcus equi infections?
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Rifamycin
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Which drug works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase?
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Rifamycin
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Which antibiotic class has activity primarily against anaerobic bacteria?
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Metronidazole
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Which drug(s) primarily have activity against aerobic bacteria? Which would be used in food animals?
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Aminoglcosides/Spectinomycin*
Nitrofuran |
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Which antibiotics are useful against just about everything?
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Chloramphenicol (banned off-label in food animals)
Macrolides (except enterbacteriae) |
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Which classes of drugs are used to treat R. equi?
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Rifamycin
Macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin) |
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Which macrolide is primarily used in swine and what for?
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Tylosin (Mycoplasma, erysipelothrix, lawsonia, brachyspira)
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Which macrolide is used in cattle and what for?
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Tilmicosin (P. Multocida, M. Hemolytica)
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Which macrolide is used in dogs and what for?
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Erythromycin (C. jejuni)
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What is the spectrum of activity of the lincosamides?
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Gram + aerobic
Anaerobic Intracellular Mycoplasma |
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Which antibacterials are merely -static?
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Lincosamides
Chloramphenicol Tetracyclins Specintomycin (Rifamycin, Macrolides could be either) |
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All of the drugs against external parasites are neurotoxins except which class of drugs?
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Lufenuron/Pyriproxyfen/Methoprene
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Which endoparasite drug is effective against eggs and worms?
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Benzamidazoles
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Administration of which drugs for tapeworms and flukes in companion animals will result in expulsion of worms intact?
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Benzamidazoles
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Which antibiotics are effective against intracellular bacteria?
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Fluoroquinolones
Rifamycin Tetracyclins Chloramphenicol- banned for extra-label use Macrolides-not used in UTI Lincosamides |
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What are the side effects of Macrolides?
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cardiotoxicity
hyperthermia in foals rectal edema in swine nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
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Which drugs are used for UTIs?
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Penicillins- Gram + aerobes, anaerobes
Sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines- aerobes Nitrofuran- aerobes Fluoroquinolones- aerobes Doxycycline- aerobic |
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A horse with fever and enlarged lymph nodes is found to have a streptococcus equi infection (Gram + aerobe). Why wouldn't aminoglycosides/spetcinomycin be used?
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Poor distribution and tissue penetration. Need to administer directly to the site of infection.
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In which drugs should the co-administration of dairy or other sources of cations be avoided?
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Fluoroquinolones
Tetracyclines |
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Which antimicrobials may be problemmatic in animals with liver problems?
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Rifamycin
Chloramphenicol Lincosamides Allylamines |
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Which antifungal is potentially teratogenic and banned in food animals?
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Griseofulvin because it acts on microtubules
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Which antifungals inhibit cell membrane synthesis?
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Allylamines
Azoles |
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To kill flukes/tapeworms outside of the GI, which isoquinolone would you use?
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Praziquantal- absorbed systemically from GI
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If one wanted to kill flea larvae and not just the adults, which drug would you use?
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Imidacloprid
(Macrocyclic lactones/ organophosphates?) |
