Pharmacology Exam I

Front 1

This route of administration is least dependent on absorption.

Back 1

IV

Front 2

This route of a. allows you to deliver dilute amounts of irritating materials

Back 2

IV

Front 3

Route of Admin that allows you to deliver large volumes of solutions

Back 3

IV

Front 4

Route of Admin allows titration of subject

Back 4

IV

Front 5

Route w/ highest risk of adverse effects

Back 5

IV

Front 6

Route not suitable for water insoluble materials

Back 6

IV

Front 7

rate of absorption controlled by vasculature

Back 7

sub Q

Front 8

Delivering irritating materials via this method may cause local tissue damage

Back 8

sub Q

Front 9

can deliver repositiory preparations via this route

Back 9

sub Q

Front 10

insoluble suspensions can be admin this route

Back 10

sub Q

Front 11

in sub Q route, what kind of volumes of drugs can be delivered?

Back 11

small

Front 12

how would you deliver a spinal anesthesia?

Back 12

intrathecal

Front 13

how would you deliver antibiotics to treat infections?

Back 13

adminster an intrathecal injection b/c some chemicals like antibiotics are not absorbed in the GI tract

Front 14

• Enzyme Induction 1930s
• One of the people that Schmidberg trained

Back 14

Hubner

Front 15

• 1st Department of Pharmacology established at U of Dorpat (Estonia)
• First laboratory of pharmacology was located in his basement

Back 15

Bucheim

Front 16

• Succeeded Bucheim
• Trained a lot of important people
• Attracted to the University of Strassburg of pharmacology
o Was able to do this because Germany took over that part of France and replaced all the French professors with German professors

Back 16

Schmiedberg

Front 17

• 1st Us Department of Pharmacology @ UMich
• Isolated epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal gland in 1897

Back 17

Abel

Front 18

• Nobel Prize winner for demonstrating Ach acetylcholine as the chemical mediator that slows hearts down

Back 18

Loewi

Front 19

• Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovery of streptomycin as antibiotic in treatment in tuberculosis
• Cook College

Back 19

Waksman

Front 20

• Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for discover of DNA structure
• Worked with Maurice Wilkins
• Got a lot from Dr. Franklin
o She never received the Nobel Prize because she died
• Most important sentence in pharmacology in the last 100 years
o “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material”

Back 20

Watson and Crick

Front 21

• recognized poison; “dose distinguishes pharmacology from toxicology”
o any chemical can be a poison; it just depends on how much you take

Back 21

Paracelsus

Front 22

• Discovers Digitalis (Foxglove plant-extract) which treats Chronic Heart Failure (Dropsy)
o Today we have purified drugs for this instead of crude digitalis
• Physician in England
o Always looking for new remedies and came across an old woman who was giving the extracts of the foxglove plant to those who had dropsy

Back 22

William Withering

Front 23

• first person to isolate morphine from opium
o took it himself and fell asleep
• Stressed the importance of extracting PURE drugs not crude extracts

Back 23

Serturner

Front 24

• First Pharmacologist; most important pharmacologist
• demonstrated effectiveness of drugs in animals
o Able to demonstrate the effectiveness of codeine, emetine, etc. in animals
• wouldn’t accept anything written in a book; it had to be demonstrated
• Worked with PURE chemicals
o Took this from Serturner

Back 24

Magendie

Front 25

WHOS WHO
• homeostasis concept
o normal physiological status where everything functions normally
• pancreas secretes “blood sugar” later termed insulin

Back 25

Bernard

Front 26

• Isolated Insulin from Pancreas and associated it with Diabetes
• Developed it into a drug

Back 26

Banting and West

Front 27

• Nitrous Oxide good for local surgery as a painkiller
• Was a dentist

Back 27

Wells

Front 28

• Diethyl Either good general anesthetic for deep surgery

Back 28

Morton

Front 29

o Receptors on the cell membrane, ligands, agonists interacts with this receptor
o Na or K pass through depending on the specific channel

Back 29

Ligand-gated channel

Front 30

o Not being stimulated by an agonist
o Stimulated by the concentration of the electrolytes

Back 30

Voltage-gated channel

Front 31

o Protein leaves it’s way through 7 areas of this large protein
o Usually these involve the G proteins GDP, GTP

Back 31

G-Protein Receptor

Front 32

o Can interact with receptors and carried to the nucleus to affect the DNA
o Can be used to hide drugs or chemicals based on the transport and storage

Back 32

Steroids

Front 33

Define threshold:

Back 33

the smallest dose needed to exact a response

Front 34

Why is Ca++ tightly regulated within a cell?

Back 34

Because it is often used to initiate other responses such as channel opening. If it were allowed to roam free it could cause unwanted action potentials.

Front 35

What is the intrinsic nervous system?

Back 35

It innervates the gut and is almost as complex as the CNS.

Front 36

Channels are ____,____, and ____ specific.

Back 36

Location, Species, and Tissue

Front 37

Direct ligand gating is called _____ and is used mainly by what neurotransmitter?

Back 37

Ionotropic, Ach

Front 38

Indirect gating is called _____and is used mainly by what neutrotranmitter(s)?

Back 38

Metabotropic (uses 2nd messenger system), most all NT use it (eg dopamine, Epi, Norepi, Serotonin)

Front 39

G proteins are ____, _____, and ____ specific.

Back 39

Species, site, tissue

Front 40

Some examples of 2nd messengers

Back 40

DAG, IP3, cAMP, arachadonic acid (histamine), Calcium

Front 41

Steps of the cAMP 2nd messenger system

Back 41

1. Ligand binds
2. g-proteins activate adenylate cyclase
3. a. cyclase catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP
4. cAMP activates protein kinase A
5. PKA activates other proteins via phosphorylation

Front 42

Steps of the Phosphoinositide 2nd messenger system

Back 42

1. gprotein activated by ligand binding
2. Phospholipase C activated, PIP2 --> DAG + IP3
3. IP3 releases intracellular Ca++ stores (original ligand can also open Ca++ channels on cell membrane).
4. Ca and DAG bind to PKC activating it
5. Ca also binds calmodulin activating other kinases

Front 43

What are 3rd messengers?

Back 43

Substrates for protein kinases.

Front 44

What % of a cell membrane is covered with channels?

Back 44

Less than 1%

Front 45

What NT produce EPSP?

Back 45

AMPA, NMDA (both aspartic acid derivities), glutamate

Front 46

What NT produce IPSP

Back 46

GABA and glycine. GABA is the major one.

Front 47

T or F: Most PSP are excitatory?

Back 47

False! They are inhibitory.

Front 48

Strychnine antagonizes what channel?

Back 48

Cl- channels. Blocking these channels causes convulsions.

Front 49

Inside and outside of cell must maintain what?

Back 49

Electroneutrality

Front 50

At an ion's resting potential, what occurs?

Back 50

Even if the ion's channel is open, no net movement occurs.

Front 51

What does the nernst equation calculate?

Back 51

An ion's resting potential (Em)

Front 52

What does the Goldman equation calculate?

Back 52

The resting potential of the membrane after taking into account all major ions.

Front 53

Why don't Na and K use the same channel?

Back 53

Because they have a different hydration radius.

Front 54

NAAQS

Back 54

National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Use ug/m^3 as units
set by USEPA

Front 55

AEGL

Back 55

Acute Exposure Guidelines
uses ppm as units
exposure time frame: 10 min to 8 hours of
3 AEGL levels
level 1 - Dose above which there is discomfort or irritation but will reverse when exposure stops
level 2 - dose above which there can be serious long term effects or irreversable damage
level 3 - dose above which you are in danger of dying
AEGL is set by the National Advisory Committee, which is organized by the USEPA

Front 56

OSHA

Back 56

Occupational Saftey and Health Agency
Sets Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL), measured in PPM

Front 57

ppm equation

Back 57

x ppm = Y mg/m^3 * 24.25/mol.wt

Front 58

Reference Doses

Back 58

aka RfD, measured in mg/kg/day
formulated by Nat'l Research Council/Nat'l Academy of Sciences for USEPA

Front 59

SMAC

Back 59

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations
est values for 1 hr to 180 days of exposure
also establish water values

Front 60

Six RfD Equation Variables

Back 60

NoAEL
LoAEL
UfA - convert animal data to humans. We estimate that humans are 10x more sensitive to chemicals
UfH - Account for variability in humans by a factor of 10
UfD - account for uncertainty in data
MF - modifying factor
UfS - extrapolate from sub-chronic to chronic
UfL - est of LoAEL/NoAEL when NoAEL is unknown